A TOUR

THROUGH THE SEVERAL ISLANDS OF

BARBADOES, St. VINCENT, ANTIGUA,
TOBAGO, and GRENADA,

IN THE YEARS 1791 Sf 1792:

BY SIR WILLIAM YOUNG, BART. M. P. F. R. S,
5fc. fife.

F

859303

FF.1

A TOUR,

ON Sunday October 30, 1791, Sir William Young em-
barked in the ship Delaford at Spithead, which sailed
the same evening, and, after a pleasant voyage of thirty-eight
days, came in sight of the island of Barbadoes. Here then
the Tour maybe said to commence; and the following ex-
tracts are, by favour of Sir William Young, transcribed
literally from a rough journal, in which he entered such
observations as occurred to him from the impressions of
the moment. They may be considered therefore as a pic-
ture drawn from the life; and the reader must be a bad
judge of human nature, and have a very indifferent taste,
who does not perceive that it is faithfully drawn, and by
the hand of a master. — For the few notes at foot I am
accountable.

B. E.

TUESDAY, December 6. — Early in the morning Barbadoes
appeared in sight, bearing on the starboard bow W. N. W.
At two o'clock P. M. the passengers landed in the six-oared
pinnace. We went to a noted tavern, formerly Rachel's,
now kept by Nancy Clark, a mulatto woman, where I first

246 HISTORY OF THE

tasted avocado-pear, a mawkish fruit.* Walking about the
streets of Bridge-Town, my impressions gave me far from
a disagreeable sensation as to the negroes. The town is ex-
tensive, and crowded with people, mostly negroes ; but the
negroes, with few exceptions, seemed dressed in a style much
above even our common artizans, the women especially,
and there was such a swagger of importance in the gait
of those (and 'many there were) who had gold ear-rings and
necklaces, that I told my friend Mr. O, on his pressing me
for my opinion of what struck me on first landing in the
West Indies, That the negro women seemed to me the
proudest mortals I had ever seen. A Guinea ship was then
in the harbour, and had lain there some time; but none
of the disgusting sights of ulcerated and deserted seamen
appeared in the streets. Nor did I see any thing relative
to the conduct of the slaves that implied the situation of
abject acquiescence, and dread of cruel superiority, attri-
buted to them in Great Britain. Many pressed their ser-
vices on our first landing; and some first begged, and then
joked with us, in the stile of a Da~cus of Terence, with
great freedom of speech, and some humour. I had a higher
opinion of their minds, and a better opinion of their masters
and government, than before I set my foot on shore. — Such
are my first impressions, written this evening on returning
aboard : furthermore, the squares or broader streets are crowd-
ed with negroes; their wrangles and conversation forcibly
struck me, as analogous to what might have been looked
for from the slaves in the Forum of Rome. Said a negro boy
about twelve years of age to a young mulatto : You damn
my soul ? 1 wish you were older and bigger, I would make
yov change some blows with me. — Upon my honour! said
an old negro. — Pll bet you a Joe, (Johannes), answered

* There is no disputing about tastes. In Jamaica this fruit is very
highly esteemed by all classes of people. Il is usually eaten with pepper
and salt, and has something of the flavour of the Jerusalem artichoke,
but is richer and more delicate: It is sometimes called vegetable mar -
row, and it is remarkable that animals both granivorous and carnivo-
rous, eat it with relish.

WEST INDIES. 247

another, who had nothing but canvass trowsers on. I gave him
no credit for possessing a six-and-thirty shilling piece, but I
gave him full credit for a language which characterizes a pre-
sumption of self-importance. Perhaps, however, liberty of
speech is more freely allowed, where license can most prompt-
ly be suppressed. The liberti of the Roman emperors, as
we find in Tacitus, and the domestic slaves of the Roman
people, as we deduce from scenes of Plautus and Terence,
sometimes talked a language, and took liberties, with their
lords and masters, which in free servants and citizens would
not have been allowed. Liberty of the press is a proof of
political freedom, but liberty of tongue is rather a proof
of individual slavery. The feast of the Saturnalia allowed
to slaves freedom of speech for the day, without control.
In my estimate of human nature, I should say, that such
freedom could not be used but moderately indeed; for the
slave knew, that if he abused his power on the Thursday,
the master might abuse his power on the Friday. His best
security was on those days, when every word might be forbid-
den, and therefore every word might be forgotten or forgiven.
In qualification of all inference from my first view of negroes
1 should observe, that they were town negroes, many of them
probably free negroes, and many, or most of them, if not all,
domestic or house negroes. One small country cart drawn by
twelve .oxen, and with three carters, gave me no favourable idea
of the owner's feeding, of either beasts or men. But accounts
of distress, and objects of distress in the streets, are exaggera-
tions. I saw as little of either, as in any market town in
England.

At six in the evening we returned on board; Captain and
Mrs. W. of the 60th regiment, and their little girl, joining
us on the passage to St. Vincent's, for which island we imme-
diately bore away.

Barbadoes is an island rising with gentle ascent to the inte-
rior parts, called the Highlands of Scotland. As we sailed
along the coast from East to West, it appeared wonderfully

248 HISTORY OF THE

inhabited ; dotted with houses as thick as on the declivities in
the neighbourhood of London or Bristol, but with no woods,
and with very few trees, even on the summits of the hills; —
two or three straggling cocoas near each dwelling-house were
all the trees to be seen.

Wednesday, December 7, at day-break, St, Vincent's in
sight. At 3 P. M. the ship came to an anchor in Nanton's
Harbour, offCalliaqua. Mr. H. came immediately on board,
and in half an hour we went on shore in the pinnace ; horses
were ready to carry us up to the villa, or mansion-house of my
estate, distant about half a mile : A number of my negroes met
me on the road, and stopped my horse, and I had to shake
hands with every individual of them. Their joy was expressed
in the most lively manner, and there was an ease and fami-
liarity in their address,' which implied no habits of apprehen-
sion or restraint : the circumstance does the highest honour to
my brother-in-law, Mr. H. who has the management of them.
On arriving at my house, I had a succession of visitors. The
old negro nurse brought the grass gang, of twenty or thirty
children, from five to ten years old, looking as well and lively
as possible. The old people came one by one to have some
chat with Massa (Master), and among the rest " Granny*
Sarah," who is a curiosity. She was born in Africa, and had
a child before she was carried from thence to Antigua. Whilst
in Antigua she remembers perfectly well the rejoicing on the
Sacra's (white men's) being let out of goal, who had killed
Governor Park. Now this happened on the death of Queen
Anne, in HI 3-4; which gives, to Christmas 1191-2, Years 78
Add two years in Antigua, for passage, &c. - - 2

Suppose her to have had a child at fourteen, and to

have been sold the year after, ___ _ -.15

The least probable age of Granny Sarah is - - - 95
and she is the heartiest old woman I ever saw. She danced

* Grandmother.

WEST INDIES. 149

at a negro-ball last Christmas ; and I am to he her partner,
and dance with her, next Christmas. — She has a garden, or
provision-ground, to herself, in which, with a great-grand
child, about six years old, she works some hours every day,
and is thereby rich. She hath been exempted from all labour,
except on her own account, for many years.

The villa at Calliaqua is an excellent house for the climate:
it hath ten large bed-chambers, and it accommodated all our
party from the ship, with great ease.

Thursday, December 8. This morning I rode over the
estate, which seems in the most flourishing condition : the ne-
groes seem under a most mild discipline, and are a very cheerful
people. This day again I had repeated visits from my black
triends : Granny Sarah was with me at least half a dozen times,
telling me, " Me see you, Massa\ note me go die /"* (I be-
hold you, my Master; now let me die!)

'* Friday, December 9. We mounted our horses at one
o'clock to ride to Kingston, where a negro boy had carried our
cloaths to dress: the distance is about three miles of very
hilly road. I particularly noticed every negro whom I met or
overtook on the road : of these I counted eleven, who were
dressed as field negroes, with only trowsers on; and adverting
to the evidence on the Slave Trade, I particularly remarked
that not one of the eleven had a single mark or scar of the
whip. We met or overtook a great many other negroes, but

* This is a stroke of nature. The sight of her master was a blessing
to old Sarah, beyond all expectation; and not having any thing further to
Hope for in life, she desires to be released from the burthen of exist-
ence. A similar circumstance occurred to myself in Jamaica; but hu-
man nature is the same in all countries and ages. — " And Joseph made
" ready his chariot, and went up to meet Israel his father, to Goshen;
«' and presented himself unto him ; and he fell on his neck, and wept on
" his neck a good while — And Israel said unto Joseph, Now let me die,
tf since I have seen tfy face." &c. Genesis, chap. xlvi. v. 29, 30.

Vol. IV. 32

250 HISTORY OF THE

they were dressed. Passing through Mr. Greatheed's large
estate, I observed in the gang one well-looking negro woman,
who had two or three wheals on her shoulders, which seemed
the effect of an old punishment.*

A free mulatto woman, named Burton, came this day to
complain before Mr. H. of her negro slave, a lad of about se-
venteen. The boy was confronted, and seemed in truth a bad
subject, having absented himself the three last days. The
only threat the woman used to her slave, was that she would
sell him. Mr. II. advised her to do it; and it ended in order-
ing the boy to look out himself for a master, who would pur-
chase him.

Kingston is a small and scattered, bnt very neat and well-
built town. We dressed ourselves there, and proceeded at
three to the government house, about a mile up the country.
It is a good house, hired from the Alexander estate. The
governor gave me a most polite reception. Riding home, I
had the company and conversation ©f Mr. L. speaker of the
assembly, who told me that a new slave act was prepared, and
tinder consideration of the legislature, which he himself had
drawn up; and, above all, had studied to frame such clauses
and provisions as might ensure the execution and full effect of
the law in favour of the negroes. — Nous verrons. — We had
likewise some talk on the subject of building a church at King-
ston; he said, if moved in the asssmbly he had not a doubt of
unanimity. I promised, in addition to my qnota of tax for
such purpose, to subscribe o£.200 towards ornamental archi-
tecture or additional expense, which the conservators of the

* In the West Indies the punishment of whipping is commonly inflicted,
not on the backs of the negroes, (a$ practised in the discipline of the
British soldiers) but more humanely, and with much less danger, on
partes posteriorei. It is therefore no proof that the negroes whom Sir
Willnm Young inspected had escaped flagellation, because their shoul-
ders bore no impression of the whip. This acknowledgement I owe to
truth and candour.

WEST INDIES. 251

public purse might not think themselves warranted to admit
in their plan and estimate; he promised to sec the husiness on
foot.

Saturday, December 10. — This day (as usual) a half-holiday
from twelve o'clock, for the negroes.

Friday, December 16. — Three Guinea ships being in the
harbour, full of slaves from Africa, I testified a wish to visit
the ships previous to the sale. I would have visited them
privately and unexpectedly, but it was not practicable. Every
thing was prepared for our visit, as the least observing eye
might have discovered: In particular I was disgusted with a
general jumping or dancing of the negroes on the deck, which
some, and perhaps many of them, did voluntarily, but some
under force or control; for I saw a sailor, more than once,
catch those rudely by the arm who had ceased dancing, and
by gesture menace them to repeat their motion, to clap their
hands, and shout their song of Yah ! Yah ! which I understood
to mean " Friends." — Independent of this, and when 1 jnsist-
ed on the dance being stopped, I must say that the people,
with exception to one single woman (perhaps ill) seemed under
no apprehensions, and were even cheerful for the most part,
and all anxious to go ashore, being fully apprised of what
would be their situation and employment, when landed, by
some of their countrymen, who were permitted to visit them
from the plantations for that purpose.

Never were there ships or cargoes better suited for the
ground of general observation; for the ships came from dis-
tant districts, and with people of different nations on board :
The Pilgrim of Bristol, with 370 Eboes from Bonny. The
Eolus of Liverpool, with 300 Windward negroes from Bassa.
The Anne of Liverpool, with 210 Gold Coast negroes from
Whydah.

The Pilgrim (Taylor, commander) was in the best possible
order ; she was six feet in height between decks, without

HISTORY OF THE

shelves or double tier in the men's apartments, and as clean as
a Dutch cabinet. We visited every part of the ship ; in-the
hospital there was not one sick, and the slaves mustered on
the deck, were to all appearance, and uniformly, not only with
clean skins, but with their eyes bright, and every mark of
health. This Captain Taylor must be among the best sort of
men in such an employment; having in three voyages, and
with full cargoes, lost on the whole but eight slaves, and not
one seaman. In general, I should give a favourable account
too of the Eolus, bur the Pilgrim had not a scent that would
offend, and was indeed sweeter than I should have supposed
possible, in a crowd of any people of the same number, in any
climate. One circumstance in all the three was particularly
striking, in relation to the evidence on the Slave Trade: A
full half of either cargo consisted of children (and generally as
fine children as I ever saw) from six to fourteen years of age;
and, on inquiry, I found but very few indeed of these were
connected with the grown people on board. I could not but
suppose, then, that these little folks were stolen from their
parents, and perhaps (in some instances) sold by their parents.*
I again remark, that these slaves were from Bonny and from
Basse.

The Anne was from the Gold Coast, a small vessel, scarcely
clean, disagreeably offensive in smell, with only three feet six
inches between the main decks, yet apparently with no sick
on board. These Gold Coast negroes were in themselves a

* Nothing is more common in ail parts of Africa, than the circum-
stance of parents of free condition selling their children in times of
scarcity, which frequently happen, for a supply of food. Mr. Park has
recorded many instances of it among theMandingoes, (vide his Travels,
p. 248, and again, p. Z95-) " Perhaps by a philosophic and reflecting
mind (observes Mr. Park) death itself would scarcely be considered as a
greater calamity than slavery : but the poor negro, wlien fainting with
hunger, exclaims, like Esau of old, Behold I am at the point to die, and
*vbat profit shall this birthright do to me? These are dreadful evils j or-
dained, without doubt, for wise and good purposes, but, concerning the
eauses of them, human wisdom is doomed to silence."

WEST INDIES.

worse looking people, but they bore too a sickly complexion
and heaviness of mien and mind which the others did not; and
it was remarkable in the contrast of the cargoes, that among
the last there was not even a common proportion of children
or young people: I should suppose not above 20 in the 210.

Mr. B. of the custom-house, told me that at St. Vincent's
more certificates for bounties were given than at all the
other islands, and that the reason was, because it was situated
next to Barbadoes, the most windward of the islands, and
the Guinea ships arriving thus far in health, the masters,
to avail themselves of the parliamentary bounty, took up
their certificates before proceeding on to Jamaica or elsewhere,
inasmuch as every day, at the close of a long voyage, might
be marked by disease or death, and thus eventually preclude
them from the benefit of the law. This should be rectified,

Mr. B. allowed, in conversation with me, that the regula-
tions of tonnage proportioned to numbers, on which such
outcry had been raised, had ultimately proved advantageous
to the trader, as well as to the poor slave. The preservation
of the slaves had well and fully repaid for the diminution
in freight.

Saturday, December 17. At ten this morning all my
negroes were mustered at the works, and had ten barrels
of herrings distributed among them: afterwards, such of the
women as had reared children, came to the villa, and each
received, as a present, five yards of fine cotton, at 2s. 6d. per
yard, of the gayest pattern, to make a petticoat.

Sunday, 18. Mr. H. read prayers to a congregation of my
negroes.

Tuesday, 20. Went to Kingston to attend the sale of
the F.boe, Windward, and Gold Coast slaves, in all 8SO.
The slaves were seated on the floor in two large galleries,*?
divided into lots of ten each. Those purchasers who, by

254 HISTORY OF THE

previous application, had gained a title of pre-emption, (for
there was a demand for three times the number imported),
drew for the lots in succession, until each had his number
agreed for. In lotting the slaves, some broken numbers
occurred, and a little lot of four (two girls and two boys)
of about twelve years old, were purchased for me. The
slaves did not seem under any apprehension, nor did they
express any uneasiness, with exception to the Gold Coast
negroes, who gave many a look of sullen displeasure. Re-
turning home in the evening, I found my four little folks

in old Mrs. H 's room, where they eat a hearty supper,

had some of their country folks got round them, and went
to sleep as much at their ease as if born in the country.
These children were unconnected with any on board the
ship. The girls were remarkably straight, and with finer
features than negroes ordinarily have. They had each a bead
necklace, and small cotton petticoat of their country make,
and must I think have been kidnapped or stolen from their
parents. 1 cannot think that any parents would have sold
such children.

Friday, 23. This morning I passed an hour or more, ob-
serving the process of sugar making in the boiling house.
Of the best cane juice, a gallon of liquor gives one Ib. of
sugar, of the middling-rich, 20 gallons give 16 Ibs. of the
watery canes, 24 gallons give 16 Ibs.

This afternoon Anselm, chief of the Charaibes in the quar-
ter of Morne-Young; and Brunau, chief of Grand Sable;
at the head of about twenty, came into the parlour after
dinner, and laid a don d^amitic at my feet of Charaibe bas-
kets, and of fowls and pine apples. We treated them with
wine, and afterwards about a dozen of their ladies were
introduced, who preferred rum. I had much courteous con-
versation with Anselm, accepted a basket, and a couple of
pines, and bought some baskets of the other Charaibes.
'They were all invited to sleep on the estate, and a keg

WEST INDIES. 255

of rum was ordered in return for Anselm's present, and for
Brunau's, &c.

La Lime, one of the chiefs who had signed the treaty
in 1773, and a dozen others, had before visited me at different
times, but this was a formal address of ceremony, and all
in their best attire, that is, the men, and perhaps the women
too, for though they had no cloaths, saving a petticoat re-
sembling two children's pocket handkerchiefs sewed at the
corners, and hanging one before and one behind, yet they
had their faces painted -red, pins through their under lips,
and bracelets; and about their ancles strings of leather and
beads.

December 25. About ten in the forenoon the negroes of
my estate, both men and women, exceedingly well dressed,
came to wish us a merry Christmas: soon after came two
negro fidlers and a tamborine, when we had an hour's dancing,
and carpenter Jack, with Phillis, danced an excellent minuet,
and then four of them began a dance not unlike a Scotch
reel. After distributing among them different Christmas
boxes, to the number of about fifty, we attended prayers
in a large room; myself read select parts of the service, and

Mr. H closed our church attendance with a chapter

from our Saviour's sermon on the mount, and a dialogue of
practical Christianity on the heads of resignation towards God,
and peace towards men. This day, and almost every day, I
had many Charaibe visitors tendering presents. I laid down
a rule to receive no presents but from the chief's, for the
person presenting expects double the value in return, and
the Charaibes are too numerous for a general dealing on such
terms, either with views to privacy or economy. I should
not omit that yesterday morning the chiefs, Anselm and
Brunau, who had visited me the evening before, came to
see. me, and politely having observed that they would not
intermingle, in their first visit of congratulation, on my
coming to St. Vincent's, any matter of another nature, pro-
ceeded to demand tjuclies nouvcllcs dc la France, and then

256 HISTORY OF THE

quclles nouvelles de V Anglctcrrc ; and thus proceeded gradu-
ally to open the tendency of the question, as relating to the
designs of government touching themselves. It seems that
some persons of this colony, travelling into their country,
and looking over the delightful plains of Grand Sable frdm
Morne- Young, had exclaimed, " what a pity this country
yet belongs to the savage Charaibes!" and this kind of
language repeated among them, had awakened jealousies and
apprehensions, and some French discontented fugitives from
Martinico, and elsewhere, had (as had been heard from the
Charaibes at Kingston) given a rumour, that I was come out
with some project for dispossessing them by the English go-
vernment. To remove these jealousies, I told them, " That
private a man as 1 was, and come merely to look at my estate,
and settle my private affairs, I would venture, on personal
knowledge of the minister, and character of our common
king, and unalterable principles of our government, to assure
them, that whilst they continued their allegiance, and adhered
to the terms of the treaty of 1773, no one dare touch their
lands, and that Grand Sable was as safe to them as was
Calliaqua to me: it was treason to suppose that the king
would not keep his word, according to the conditions of
that treaty; and if any subjects ventured to trespass on them,
they would, on proper representations, be punished. For
mvself, I assumed a mien of anger, that they should forget
their national principle in exception of me. If friendships
and enmities descended from father to son, they must know
me for their steadiest friend, and incapable of any injustice
towards them." They seemed very much pleased with this
sort of language, and assured me of their strongest regard
and confidence, and would hear no more lies or tales to
the prejudice of myself, or of the designs of government.
They invited me to come and taste their hospitality, and
I promised to do so, and we parted as. I could wish — the best
friends in the world.

December 26. This was a day of Christmas gambols.
In the morning we rode out, and in the town of Calliaqua

WEST INDIES. 257

saw many negroes attending high mass at the popish chapel.
The town was like a very gay fair, with booths, furnished
with every thing good to eat and fine to \vear. The negroes
(with a very few exceptions) were all dressed in pattern
cottons and muslins, and the young girls with petticoat on
petticoat; and all had handkerchiefs, put on with fancy
and taste, about their heads. Returning to the villa, we
were greeted by a party which frightened the boys. It was
the Moco Jumbo and his suite.* The Jumbo was on stilts,
with a head, mounted on the actor's head, which was con-
cealed: the music was from two baskets, like strawberry
baskets, with little bells within, shook in time. The swords-
man danced with an air of menace, the musician was comical,
and Jumbo assumed the " antic terrible," and was very-
active on his stilts. We had a large company to dinner;
and in the evening I opened the ball in the great court, with,
a minuet, with black Phillis, Granny Sarah being indisposed:
our music consisted of two excellent fiddles Johnny and
Fisher, from my Pembroke estate, and Grandison, tam-
borin of the villa; there stood up about eighteen couple;
the men negroes were dressed in the highest beauism, with,
muslin frills, high capes, and white hats; and one beau had
a large fan. The negro girls were all dressed gay and fine,
with handkerchiefs folded tastefully about their heads, and
gold ear-rings and necklaces: the girls were nearly all field
negroes; there are but four female slaves as domestics in
the villa. In England, no idea of " jolly Christinas" can
be imagined, in comparison with the three days of Christmas
in St. Vincent's. In ever) place is seen a gaiety of colours
and dress, and a corresponding gaidty of mind and spirits;
fun and finery are general. This moment a new party of
musicians are arrived with an African Balafo, an instrument
composed of pieces of hard wood of different diameters, laid
on a row over a sort of box : they beat on one or the other
so as to strike out a good musical tune. They played two or

* Without doubt the Mumby Jumbo of the Mandingoes. Vide Park's
Travels, c. iii. p. 39.

Vol. IV. 33

HISTORY OF THE

three African tunes; and about a dozen girls, hearing ther
sound, came frem the huts to the great court, and began
a curious and most lascivious dance, with much grace as well
as action; of the last, plenty in truth.

Sunday, January 1, 1792. Rode over to my Pembroke
estate in the valley of Buccament, about six miles distant, to
the leeward of Kingston. The road is over the most rugged
and towering hills, with occasional precipices of rock of a red-
dish dark hue, and for the rest covered with bushes and some
fine trees. In the vales, between the ridges, and on every
practicable ascent, are cultivated grounds, and the whole is a
mixture of the rich and the romantic. The road winds much,
to avoid the deep ravines and gullies. The flight of a bird
cannot be more than three miles from Kingston to Buccament.
We entered the valley of Buccament by a ravine, called Keil-
lan's land, belonging to me.

The vale of Boccament brings to mind the happy and se-
cluded valley of Rasselas, prince of Abyssinia. The valley,
containing about 3>000 acres, is hemmed on each side by tow-
ering hills, whose steep ascents have in parts peeled off or split
in the storm, and now are left precipices of bare rock, appear-
ing between streaks of the highest verdure, from which occa-
sionally shoots the mountain cabbage-tree.* In the centre
of the valley stands an insulated mountain, whose height,
through an interstice in the rugged boundary of the vale, looks
down on the garrison of Berkshire hill, and Berkshire hill is
627 feet above the sea. The hills or rocks that shut in the
valley, again command the hill in the centre. Down the
vale runs a fine and rapid river, abounding with the finest mul-
let and other fish; its bed is obstructed with fragments of rocks
from the skirting mountains. Its murmurs fill the vale. It
winds round the centre hill, and then pours straight into the

* Called also the Palmeto-Rojal. See it described at large, vol. i.
p. 16.

WEST INDIES. 259

eea. The valley, as it coasts the sea, is about one mile over.
It stretches inland about five miles ; its greatest breadth, half-
way from the sea, is two miles. From the mount, in the cen-
tre, it forms a most luxuriant picture of cultivation, contrasted
with romantic views, and seems wholly secluded from all the
world. My Pembroke estate takes in the hill in the centre,
and thence runs along the river side, comprehending all the
valley on one side, to within a quarter of a mile of the sea.

A negro gave signal of my approach to the house, and all
the negroes came forth to greet me, and with a welcome as
warm as that at Calliaqua. They caught hold of my bridle,
my feet, and my coat; every one anxious for a share in leading
me up to the house; and indeed they attempted to take me off
my horse and carry me, but I begged them to desist.

Friday, January 6. I visited Berkshire hill, and went over
the fortifications. The hill itself is a rock, and, from its pre-
cipices, is scarcely assailable ; where it is so, parts have been
cut away, and, take art and nature together, the place may be
deemed impregnable. The point above hath been flatted off,
so as to admit room on its surface for most commodious bar-
racks for a complete regiment, stores, reservoirs, &c. all bomb-
proof. In my different excursions, I continued to inspect the
persons of the negroes, and I can assert, that not one in fifty of
those I have seen has been marked with the whip, with ex-
ception to the gang employed at the public works on Berkshire
hill. This gang may be supposed to consist for the most part
of reprobate and bad negroes, who have been sold from estates
for riddance of their practices and examples. They chiefly
belong, as an entire gang, to the overseer of the works, who
may be supposed to pick them up cheap, being bad characters,
though competent to their business, under the control of the
military. The inhabitants, not willing to send their able men
to the public works, for fear of evil communication, commute
their quota of labourers, by paying the overseer a certain sura
to find others in their room.

260 HISTORY OF THE

Friday, January 13, 1792. The Charaibe chief of all,
Chatoyer, with his brother du Fallee, and six of their sons,
came to pay me a visit, and brought their presents ; a stool of
Chaiaibe workmanship, and a very large cock turkey of the
wild breed, which with a hen, 1 mean for England. Chatoyer
and du Vallee were well dressed; as a mark of respect, they
came without arms. We had much conversation with them,
and I gave in return a silver mounted hanger to Chatoyer, and
a powder horn to du Vallee. The latter is possessed of nine
negro slaves, and has a cotton plantation. He is the most en-
lightened of the Charaibes, and may be termed the founder of
civilization among them. Chatoyer and his sons dined at the
villa, and drank each a bottle of Claret. In the evening they
departed in high glee, with many expressions of friendship.

January 17. I visited the king's botanic garden ; Dr. An-
derson went round the garden with me. It consists of about
thirty acres, of which sixteen are in high garden cultivation.
The variety, beauty, growth, and health of the plants, from
all quarters of the globe, is most striking. It is a scene for a
painter as well as a botanist. The quickness of vegetation is
astonishing: some English oak of three years growth are above
seven feet high. The Indian teak wood, full eighteen feet
high, and six inches diameter, of only four years growth. This
being a remarkable hard and durable wood, leads me to note
the general remark of Dr. Anderson, " that in this country,
" where vegetation never stops or is checked, the hardest
*' woods are of growth as quick as the most pulpous or soft
*' texture." Dr. Anderson is multiplying to a great extent all
the useful trees ; the Chinese tallow tree, the gum Arabic, the
Peruvian bark, the balsam of Capiri, the cinnamon, &c. &c.
N. L\ I name them from their produce.

January 23. Never passing a slave without observing his
back, either in the field or on the road, or wenches washing
in the rivers, 1 have seen not one back marked, besides that of
the woman observed before on Mr. Greacheed's estate (in
whom I may be mistaken as to the cause) and one new negro

WEST INDIES. 261

unsold at Kingston, who found means to explain to me that
he was fumfummed (flogged) by the surgeon of the ship ; and
he seemed to have had two or three strokes with a cat. I note
it in the language of one accustomed to attend military punish-
ments.— At my estate, and I believe on most others, confine-
ment is the usual punishment. Three have been punished at
Calliaqua, since my arrival ; Sampson has received ten lashes,
and two men were put into the stocks, of whom Indian Will
was one, for getting drunk and cutting a negro lad's head open
in his passion; he was released the next morning. The other
was a watchman at the mill, from which the sails had been
stolen; he was confined for two nights in terrorem, and then,
no discovery being made of the theft, he was released.

January 26. Sailed from Nanton's harbour in the -Maria
schooner of 28 tons, took our departure at ten in the forenoon,
coasted to leeward, and came off St. Lucia in the evening.

Friday, 27. Off Dominica in the morning, becalmed. In
the evening a breeze sprung up ; and,

Saturday, 28. Came at day-break off Bassaterre, in Guada-
loupe; hailed a fishing boat and bought some fish; the people
said all was quiet; tout va bien a la Guadeloupe.

Saw a very large spermaceti whale spouting and playing
close a-heacl in the channel between Guadaloupe and Antigua.
Came to an anchor at 5 P. M. in Old Road bay, Antigua.
Walked up an excellent level coach road half a mile, to the
Old-road plantation house. A mulatto boy getting before,
gave notice of Massa being on the way. Every hoe was now
thrown down, and a general huzza followed ; and my good
Creoles, man, woman, and child, ran to meet me with such ec-
stacy of welcome, embracing my knees, catching my hands,
cloaths, &cc. &c. that I thought I should never have reached
the house. At length, in joyous procession, witli handker-
chiefs for flags, 1 was conveyed to the old mansion of my

262 HISTORY OF THE

ancestors, and gave my good people a treat of rum, and all
was dance and song.

Sunday, 29. Inquiring into the condition of the estate and
situation of the negroes, I found the latter generally dissatis-
fied with their manager, Mr. R . Their complaints

were directed chiefly to his curtailing the allowance of the old
people, and such others as were incapable of labour; and his
frequency and seventy of punishments. The first complaint
I removed instantly, by ordering the full allowance of indus-
trious youth to meritorious age. For the second (on examin-
ing into the grounds of allegatioB, and finding them just) I

immediately discharged Mr. R. and appointed Mr. H ,

who had been two years on the estate, and much liked by the
negroes to be their manager. Their satisfaction on both ac-
c.ounts seemed complete and general.

Monday, 30. Went to St. John's, a large, and in many
parts a well built town, and the church an excellent building,
as is likewise the town or court house ; but the town itself has
the appearance of ruined trade and deserted habitancy. The
country for twelve miles, from the Old-road plantation to St.
John's, is open, with very few trees or even shrubs, but beau-
tiful in its swells of ground, scarcely to be called hills, spotted
with buildings, and varied with inlets of the sea opening in
different points of view; high but infructuous cultivation cover
every acre. The roads excellent, and every thing speaking
.the civilization, art, and toil of man; but nature answers not.
Under the drought all fails; heat, with little or no moisture,
generates nothing. Partial rains have this year, as often be-
fore, given hopes to the planter for his canes, and to the negro
for his provisions; but the season has again failed, and their
hopes are blasted. The whole is a picture of disappointment,
in land, beast, and man. The negro houses are excejjent, and
many of them of stone ; but no in-doors can give the face of com-
fort and contentment, if all is wanting beyond the threshold.
The negroes having little or no provisions from their grounds,
are fed by allowance from the planters, many themselves in

WEST INDIES. 263

distress, which scants that allowance. On estates in good
condition, it is twelve quarts of corn, with two or three
pounds of salt provision per week.

Thursday, February 2. Being a day which I had allotted
for :i holiday to the negroes, we went early to the valley of the
Old-road. In the morning I distributed ten barrels of herrings
amongst the negroes, and in the evening we had a very smart
well-dressed negro ball in the hall of my old mansion. Mr.

L and myself both impartially allowed the negroes, young

men and girls, to dance better in step, in grace, and correctness
of figure, than our fashionable, or indeed any couples at any
ball in England ; taking that ball generally, there is no one ne-
gro dances ill, I danced a country dance with old Hannah, and
a minuet with long Nanny. Not a complaint remains at the
Old-road.

Friday, February 3. Returning from Old-road to Dr. Fair-
bairn's, I there saw Mr. Hoffman the Moravian missionary,
whose blameless life still answers to his song. The Moravian
missionaries are of the highest character for moral example,
as well as gentle manners ; and they preach the doctrines of
peace and good will to all men, and to all governments. They
assimilate in simplicity best with the minds of the negroes, and
in their assiduity and goodness, have, I fear, but few equals
amongst the regular clergy in the West Indies. Jt was with
difficulty I prevailed on the good, mild, and disinterested Mr.
Hoffman, to receive annually for his domestic use a small bar-
rel of sugar, and a quarter cask of rum, as a token of my re-
gard for his attention to my negroes on the Old-road estate.

Sunday, February 5. In the evening embarked for Marti-
nique. *

Monday, 6. Becalmed off Guadaloupe.

Tuesday, 7. At seven in the evening came into St. Pierre's
bay, and passing under the stern of an 13 gun sloop of war, she

264 HISTORY OF THE

hailed us to come on board. I went on board with the captain of
our schooner. The French officer commanding the sloop, on my
stating that our vessel was not commercial, but merely having
on board Englishmen, passengers, told me that the schooner
must immediately come to an anchor under his stern, but that
myself and other gentlemen might go on shore. -Returning
to the schooner, a serjeant of the national guards followed us
in a shallop, and said he was come by orders to conduct us on
shore; we went with him. On landing, he told us we must
proceed to the hotel dc I'intendarit, Monsieur le Chevalier de
Menerad. He marched us above a mile to the hotel, and
passing within the centinel at entrance of the court, asked for
the governor, who was out, and only a black boy in the house,
who knew not where the governor was to be found. The
national serjeant talked in a high tone of brutal command, and
said we must stay all night in the open air, or until the gover-
nor was found. I used every kind of language, but all in vain.
I was afterwards told that I had omitted the essential argument
with these liberty-corps, to wit, * a Johannes.' About ten
o'clock a Monsieur De la Ccur, lieutenant of police, arrived,
apparently on other business; I told him my name and situation.
He behaved most politely, and told the serjeant he should take
us to the hotel des Americains, the best tavern in St. Pierre,
giving himself security for our forthcoming next morning.
Whilst the receipt for our bodies was writing, the governor,
Chevalier de Menerad, arrived : on my name being mentioned,
he behaved most politely, asked my whole party to supper,
and offered me a bed. Having complained of the Serjeant's
conduct, he immediately told him to leave the room, and made
a general apology, giving me plainly to understand that there
was scarcely the appearance of law, government, or any au-
thority at Martinique.

The national regiments had arrived a year before. The
inhabitants were of a different party. The old corps on duty
there of an uncertain or undecided character, and the constitu-
tion of 'the mother country being unsettled, and no persons in

WEST INDIES. 265

Martinique knowing who were finally to be uppermost, all
were afraid to assume a responsibility.

I thanked the governor for his polite invitation, hut declined
accepting what the state of his house, and having no dome&-
tics, proved to be a mere invitation of compliment. His
wife and family were at Guadaloupe.

Monsieur De la Cour conducted us, at near eleven at night,
to the American hotel, where, finding an excellent house and
a truly Parisian cook, we laughed over our difficulties.

Monsieur De la Cour and Monsieur Penan, our banker, next
morning confirmed the state of government in Martinique, as
before mentioned : all was a calm, but it was such a calm as
generally precedes a hurricane. With respect to the slaves,
they are perfectly quiet. For the free mulattoes and gens de
couleur (who are twice as numerous as the white inhabitants),
they too are waiting the result of ascendant parties in old
France. For the whites, they are generally, as far as I can
find, friends to the old government, and they declare them*
selves most openly ; hence the new acts of the national assem-
bly are yet unexecuted. The church remains on its ancient
footing, and the convents are filled with the same people, Ca-
puchins and Ursulines, but the Capuchins appear not in the
open streets.

In this state of political diffidence, commerce has lost its
activity, and credit is gone; yet money seems to be plenty;
but there is little or no trade in this great and once commercial
town. Instead of fifty or more large sugar ships, which should
at this season be seen in the bay, there are only nine; and even
these seem in general to be small. American vessels (schooners
and sloops) are numerous ; perhaps there may be forty.

Wednesday, February 8. We amused ourselves in walking
about the town and purchasing presents for our friends; bijou-

Vol. IV. 3 t-

266 HISTORY OF THE

terie of Madame Gentler, embroideric of Madame Nodau,
and liqueurs of Grandmaison.

The town of St. Pierre extends along on the beach. It is
above two miles in length, and in breadth about half a mile.
The buildings are of stone, and handsome. The shops are
many of them well decorated. The jeweller and silversmith's
shop (Goutier's) is as brilliant as any in London or Paris.
Trade being nearly extinguished in the harbour, the embers of
what it has been glimmer in the shops.

Thursday, February 9. In the evening we embarked for
St. Vincent's.

Friday, February 10. Early this morning were in sight of
St. Vincent's, off the Sugar Loaves of St. Lucie, and there
close in with the land. A fine breeze springing up, we run
over the channel of seven leagues in three hours, and then
coasted down to windward of St. Vincent's, a beautiful and
^ich country, mostly in possession of the Charaibes. At four
in the afternoon we anchored in Young's Bay, landed, and
once more found ourselves in the comfortable mansion of Cal-
liaqua. My voyage to Antigua has put me in full possession
of the question concerning the best mode of feeding negroes.
I am speaking of the difference in their situation in regard to
plenty and comfort, when fed by allowance from the master,
as in Antigua; or when supported by provision grounds of their
own, as in St. Vincent's. In the first case, oppression may,
and certainly in some instances and in different degrees doth,
^ctually exist, either as to quantity or quality of food; besides
the circumstance of food for himself, the negro suffers too in.
his poultry and little stock, which are his wealth. The main-
tenance of his pigs, turkies, or chickens, must often subtract
from his own dinner, and that perhaps a scanty one, or he
cannot keep stock at all ; and a negro without stock, and means
to purchase tobacco and other little conveniencies, and some
£nery too for his wife, is miserable.

WEST INDIES. 267

In the second case, of the negro feeding himself with his
own provisions, assisted only with salt provisions from his
master (three pounds of salt fish, or an adequate quantity of
herrings, per week, as in St. Vincent's), the situation of the
negro is in proportion to his industry; but generally speaking
it affords him a plenty that amounts to comparative wealth,
viewing any peasantry in Europe. On my estate at Calliaqua,
forty-six acres of the richest ground are set apart for the negro
gardens, where they work voluntarily in the two hours they
have every noon to themselves, on the half holiday in the
week, and Sundays ; and their returns are such that in my
negro village, containing eighty-five huts, there is scarcely ona
but has a goat and kids, two or three pigs, and some poultry
running about it. All this stock is plentifully fed from the
negro's garden, and how plentifully the garden supplies him
will appear from the following fact. From the late Guinea
sales, 1 have purchased altogether twenty boys and girls, from.
ten to thirteen years old. It is the practice, on bringing them,
to the estate, to distribute them in the huts of Creole negroes,
under their direction and care, who are to feed them, train
them to work, and teach them their new language. For this
care of feeding and bringing up the young African, the Creole
negro receives no allowance of provisions whatever. He
receives only a knife, a calabash to eat from, and an iron boil-
ing pot for each. On first view of this it looks like oppres-
sion, and putting the burthen of supporting another on the
negro who receives him; but the reverse is the fact. When
the new negroes arrived on the estate, I thought the manager
would have been torn to pieces by the number and earnestness
of the applicants to have an inmate from among them. The
competition was violent, and troublesome in the extreme. The
fact is, that every negro in his garden, and at his leisure hours,
earning much more than what is necessary to feed him, these
young inmates are the wealth of the negro who entertains
them, and for whom they work; their work finding plenty for
the little houshold, and a surplus for sale at market, and for
feeding his stock. This fact svas in proof to me from the so-
licitations of the Creole negroes in general (and who had large

268 HISTORY OF THE

families of their own), to take another inmate, on conditions
of feeding him, and with a right to the benefit of his work.*
As soon as the young negro has passed his apprenticeship,
and is fit for work in the field, he has a hut of his own, and
works a garden on his own account. Of the salt provisions
given out to the negroes, the finest sort are the mackarel
salted from America, and the negroes are remarkably fond of
them. My brother H (who is a manager at once pro-
perly strict, and most kind, and who is both feared and beloved
by all the negroes), indulges them by studying to give a va-
riety in their provisions; pork, beef, and fish of different sorts.
A negro prefers pork to beef; one pound of pork will go as far
as two pounds of beef in his mess-pot. This little attention

of Mr. H to the negroes' wishes, shews how much of

their comfort must even depend on the master's regard to them.

Wednesday, February 22. The 66th regiment reviewed by
general Cuyler. The men well-looking, the manual in pro-
per time and exact, the firing close, and the level good. The
review in a word shewed this regiment to be well disciplined,
and nothing hurt by a residence of near seven years in the
West Indies.

Monday, March 5. Embarked in the Fairy sloop of war
for Tobago. Got under way at twelve.

Tuesday, March 6. At four P. M. Tobago in sight, our
'course close to the wind, making for the body of the island.

Wednesday, March 7. Close in with the land, and most
of the day beating to windward with a strong lee current. In
the afternoon were off Man o'war bay.

Thursday, March 8. The wind E. S. E. and a strong lee
current against us the whole night. At day-break, we found

* Compare this with what is said on the same subject, vol. ii. p. 341.
It was impossible that two persons, writing in different islands, could
agree so very precisely, unless their observations were founded in truth.

WEST INDIES. 269

our ship nearly where she was the preceding sun-set. In the
evening we weathered St. Giles's rocks and little Tobago on
the N. E. end of the island. Lay to during the night.

Friday, March 9. At sun-rise, were off Queen's bay, on
the leeward coast, whence we ran down, with both wind and
current in our favour, and anchored in Rockly-bay about twelve
o'clock.

Saturday, March 10. Went to Rise-land, or Sandy Point,
in the S. W. part of the island, a country almost flat, but
beautifully spotted with mountain cabbages, and various trees.
Trinidada, at eighteen miles distance, appearing plain to the eye.

Sunday, March 1 1 . This morning early, I rode five miles
across the island from Rise-land to Adventure estate, in Cour-
land bay-division. In traversing the country, and on my re-
turn, I was much struck with its beauty, from the Flat at San-
dy Point gently breaking into hills, till ultimately at the N.
E. end it becomes a scene of mountains and woods. I parti-
cularly noticed the great extent of provision grounds, and the
fine healthy looks of the negroes in general, arising from the
plenty around them. 1 saw no marks of the whip on their
backs, at least not here nor at St. Vincent's. The punish-
ments are either so unfrequent or so little severe, as to leave
no traces for any length of time.

Sunday, March 15. Early in the morning set out, and in
the afternoon reached the Louis d'or estate. Twenty-two
miles from Port Louis, from the very point of the Town of
Port Louis, the country becomes hilly; and as you farther
advance, the hills rise into mountains not broken and rugged
as the convulsed country of St. Vincent's, but regular though
steep, and on a large scale of regular ascent and descent. The
scene of nature is on an extensive scale, and gives the idea of a
continent rather than an island. It is not alone its vicinity to
the Spanish main that suggests this idea. The appearance of
the island fully warrants the assumption, and the contiguity of

270 HISTORY OF THE

South America, only more fully marks its being torn there-
from, and of its being, in old times, the southern point or
bold promontory of the vast bay of Mexico.

Friday, March 16. This day I rode over my estate, but
previous to any remarks thereon, I must notice the radical
words and language of the Indian red Charaibe (Louis.) There
are three families of red Charaibes, settled in a corner of my
Louis d'or estate, and their history is briefly this. — Louis was
five years old when his father and family fled (about fifty years
past) from the persecutions of the Africans or black Charaibes
of St. Vincent's. The family has since divided into three
distinct ones, by increase of numbers. Louis the chief, is a
very sensible man, and in his traffic for fish and other articles,
has obtained some knowledge of the French language.

The following words I took from sound, and with accuracy ;
for on reading over the Charaibe words to Louis, he repeated
them back in French to me.

* God — naketi, i. e. Grandmere. Wind— cazabal. - - Father— baba.

The Sun — vehu. - - - - Rain— conob. - - Mother— behee<
Moon— mcne". ----- Thunder— warawiarovv. Son— wica.

Earth— hoang. . - . - - Mountain — weib. - Daughter— hania

Sea — baland. ----- Tree — wewee. - - Life — nee.

Fire— wat-ho'. ----- Bird — fuss. - - Death— hela'hal.

Water — tona. ----- Fish — oto'. - - - Devil — qualeva.

I interrogated Louis as to religion : he is now a catholic,
but says the Charaibe belief was always in a future state. —
Formerly, they used to bury the defunct sitting-^, with his
bow, arrows, &c. " But now," says Louis, " we bury au
" long et droit>" which is better; for when sitting, the bo-
" cty Sot retre°i (this was his expression), and could not easily

* I questioned particularly on the signification of the word naketi.

f This is a curious and remarkable illustration of what is related in
the appendix to book i. vol. i. p. 123.

WEST INDIES. 172

<c start up and fly to heaven, but being buried long and strait,
" it can fly up directly when called." This argument was
possibly suggested by the catholic missionaries, to make the
poor Charaibes leave the old practice. Louis's belief in a fu-
ture state is however ascertained.

But now to remarks on the estate. On the beach at
Queen's-bay, are brick and stone pillars, not unlike the great
gate of an English park, whence the eye is directed up an
avenue of cocoa-nut trees, and from thence, in the same strait
line, through a broad and regular street of negro houses, at a
mile frem the gate, to the works, which terminates the ave-
nue, and have the appearance of a church built in form of the
letter T, with a tower raised on the centre. Over the works
rises a precipice, on which stands the mansion-house, nobly
commanding the whole vale. A fine river winds from the
back mountains, under the point of the great ridge on which
the house stands, and then pours in a direct line, nearly by the
east of the negro village, into the sea. In its course it sup-
plies a canal for turning the water-mill.

The negroes on this estate are a most quiet and contented
people; some asked me for little trifles of money for different
purposes, which 1 gave them, but there was not one complaint,
for old Castalio came to me as a kind of deputation from the
rest, to tell me that " massa Hamilton was good manager, and
good massa." Indeed the negroes are generally treated as
favourite children, by their masters in Tobago.

The necessities of the island have demanded the residtmce
of the planter, and the critical state of French government,
and the wild notions and conduct of the French people in the
colonies, have brought the old English settlers in Tobago,
and their negroes, to a system of reciprocal regard and mutual
determination to resist particular wrongs or a general attack.
The planters here talk of their negroes as their resort, to be
depended on against either a licentious garrison, an arbitrary
governor, or the mad democracy of French hucksters.

27 2 HISTORY OF THE

The negro houses throughout Tobago are much superior to
those in St. Vincent's, or even in Antigua. Mr. Franklin,
junior, informs me that each of his negro's houses has cost
him 23 Johannes, or above forty pounds sterling, including the
negro's labour. These houses are built of boards, uniform
throughout the estate, are about 26 feet long by 14 feet wide,
consisting each of two apartments, besides a portico or covered
walk with a seat in front, off which a closet at the end is taken
from the portico to form a small kitchen or store-room. The
roof is of shingles. In St. Vincent's the negro houses are of
no fixed dimensions ; some are very large and some very small,
according to the fancy or ability of the negroes, who are how-
ever generally assisted by their masters with posts and main
timbers, and occasionally supplied with boards. Thus the
village is irregular, sdme houses boarded, some of them stone
and part boards, and most of them wattled or thatched. With-
in, the houses are as comfortable as those at Tobago, but not
so durable ; and the portico of the Tobago house is a superior
comfort.

Saturday, March 17. I passed the morning in seeing various
of my negroes, particularly the women and their Creole chil-
dren. This last year I have had an increase of thirteen chil-
dren, of whom only one has died. I ordered, as at St. Vin-
cent's, five yards of fine printed cotton to every woman who
had reared a child, and gave ten barrels of pork among the ne-
groes in general. Riding out, 1 paid a visit of some length
to the red Charaibe families, of whom Louis is the head ; two
of the young women were really handsome. The old Indian
dress is lost, and they wore handkerchiefs, cotton petticoats,
and jackets like the negroes. The huts were scarcely weather
tight, being wattled and thatched, crowded with all their filth
and all their wealth. The latter consisting of great variety of
nets for fishing, hammocks for sleeping in, and different sorts
of provisions, stores, &c. &c. Beasts, stores, and people all
in one room.

WEST INDIES.

273

At two o'clock we set out for Mr. Clarke's, five miles from
Lbuis-d'or, on the road to Port Louis. Mr. Clarke's house
is an excellent building, framed in England, and placed on the
very pinnacle of the highest mountain in Tobago, with garden
and shrubberies, abounding with birds of most splendid plu-
mage. The variety, beauty, and number of the feathered
tribes in Tobago, are indeed at once delightful and astonishing.
I must observe further, on the country of Tobago, that although
it is not a twentieth part cultivated, yet it is all, or for the
most part, improveable. Mr. Hamilton, who has passed many
successive nights in the woods, and in traversing the country,
assures me, there is no where a rock, or scarcely a large stone,
to be found, except upon the coasts and beach. Though the
season is now dry, I observed in many parts large spots or
fields of Guinea grass, which would fatten cattle of the largest
breed. As a timber and a victualling country, it seems valuable
in an imperial, as well as commercial point of view; a resource
to armies and fleets, as well as to the merchant and planter.

Wednesday, March 21. At 6 in the evening I embarked
in the Lively schooner for Grenada.

Thursday, 22. At 6 in the evening we anchored in the ca-
reenage of St. George's town, Grenada, and immediatelylanded.

Sunday, 25. In the forenoon we went to church, the go-
vernor, speaker of the assembly, officers, &c. attending, with
a respectable congregation of people of all colours. In the
gallery was an assemblage of girls and boys under a mulatto
school-master, who sung psalms very well to the accompani-
ment of an excellent organ. The clergyman, Mr. Dent, read
prayers, and preached, with great devotion. The service was
in every respect most creditable to the island. The church is
plain, with a handsome steeple, and a clock given by the pre-
sent governor Matthews.

St. George's is a handsome town, built chiefly of brick, and
consists of many good houses. It is divided by a ridge, which,
running; into the sea, forms on one side the careenage, and on
Vol. IV. S3

274 HISTORY OF THE

the other the bay. Thus there is the bay town, where there
is a handsome square and market place, and the careenage
town, where the chief mercantile houses are situated, the ships
lying land-locked, and in deep water close to the wharf. On
the ridge, just above the road of communication between the
towns, stands the church ; and on the promontory or bluff
head of the ridge, stands a large old fort, built by the Spaniards
when in possession of Grenada. It is built of free-stone,
is very substantially, if not scientifically constructed, and con-
tains the entire 45th regiment. The 61th regiment is quar-
tered in the new barracks, and does duty on the new fortifica-
tions of Richmond-hill; a very strong situation to the east or
north-east of the town.

Tuesday, March 27. Louis la Granade, chief of the Gens
de couleur, and captain of a militia company, came to the go-
vernment house. He seems a fine spirited, athletic fellow,
and wears a large gold medal about his neck, being a gift from
the colony, in reward for his various services and experienced
fidelity on all occasions. The mulattoes have presented a most
loyal address to the governor, stating their strong attachment
to the King and the British constitution, and their abhorrence
of all innovation,

Friday, 29. At ten in the morning we sailed from Grenada
in the Fanfan schooner, coasted the leeward side of the island
from south to north ; it seems well peopled, and in general it ap-
pears to be a rich sugar country ; with less variety of ground in-
deed than St. Vincent's, and less verdure. Its mountains are but
hills in comparison with those of St. Vincent. A waving sur-
face, hills gently rising and falling, characterize Grenada. Deep
vallies shaded with abrupt precipices characterize St. Vincent's.

Saturday, March 30. At three in the morning anchored in
Kingston-bay, St. Vincent's, and thence rode to the viila.
From Grenada to St. Vincent's, our schooner hugged the
land of the Grenadines under their leeward side, with very
small intervals of channel. The Grenadine isles and detached
rocks, are supposed to be about 120 in number. Twelve of
these little isles are said to produce cotton.

WEST INDIES. 275

April 19. Had much conversation this day about the Charaibes.

The windward estates, quite to the Charaibe boundary o£
Bayaraw, are of the richest land in the island, but the surf on
the shore is at all times so heavy, that no European vessel can
continue on any part twenty-four hours with safety, and no
European boat can come on shore without the danger of being
swamped. Hence, until lately, the supposed impracticability
of landing stores and taking off sugars, prevented the cultiva-
tion of the lands; but since the Charaibes in their canoes, have
been found to accomplish whac Europeans cannot effect with
their boats, these lands have risen to o£.60 sterling an acre, and
every settler is growing rich. A sloop lays off and on as near
as she may to the shore, and in one morning, from day-break
to noon, a canoe manned by ten Charaibes, will make forty
trips to the sloop, carrying each time a hogshead of sugar, &c.
&c. and the expense for the morning amounts to ten dollars,
being a dollar for each Charaibe. — The Charaibes thus begin
to taste of money, and are already become very industrious at
this work. Moreover, they plant tobacco, and want nothing
but a market to encourage them to plant more. Chatoyer's
brother (Du Vallee) has nine negroes, and plants cotton. Mo-
ney civilizes in the first instance, as it corrupts in the last ; the
savage labouring for himself, soon ceases to be a savage; the
slave to money becomes a subject to government, and he be-
comes a useful subject.*

* This must be admitted with some limitation. Before a negro places
such a value on money as is here supposed, he must have acquired many
of the refinements and artificial necessities of civilized life. He must
have found uses for money, which in his savage state, he had no concep-
tion of. It is not therefore the possession of money alone ; it is the new
desires springing up in his mind, from the prospects and examples before
him, that have awakened his powers, and called the energies of his mind
into action. I have thought it necessary to observe thus much, because
the doctrine of my amiable friend, without some qualification, seems to
sanctify an assertion which has been maintained by speculative writers,
with some plausibility j namely, " that if the negro slaves were allowed
•t wages for their labour, coercion would become unnecessary." Whnt
effect a system of gradual encouragement, by means of wages, operating
slowly and progressively, might produce in a long course of time, I will

276 HISTORY OF THE

Mr. B. acting collector of the customs, informed me, that
the value of British manufactures exported from St. Vincent
to the Spanish and French settlements, was upwards of
o£. 200, 000 annually. From the superior advantages of Gre-
nada, with respect to situation, &c. the export trade of that
island to the Spanish main, must be much more considerable.
That of Jamaica out of comparison greater. These circum-
stances are to be taken into the general account of the impor-
tance of the West India Islands to Great Britain.

April 24. Went on board a Guinea ship, the Active, from
Sierra Leone. On board this ship is a black boy, called Bunc,
about ten years old, the son of an African chief; he is going to
England for his education, and has two slaves sent with him by
his father, to pay his passage by their sale. Captain Williams
has another boy on board, who was sent to England two
years ago for the same purpose. This voyage he was to take
him back to Annamaboe ; but the boy absolutely refused land-
ing again in Africa, and he waits on Captain Williams as a free
servant, and is going back to England with him. The slaves
were in high health ; captain Williams is a superior man in
this trade ; as a fundamental trait of his character I notice, that
last year (1791), on receiving the parliamentary bounty for
the good condition in which his people arrived, he gave out of
his own pocket £.5Q as a gratuity to the surgeon of his ship.

Monday, April 30. This day Dufond, Chatoyer's brother,
and next to him in authority, particularly on the Grand Sable
side of the country, made me a visit : he had been twice before
when I was absent in the other islands, and on his first visit
had left his own bow and arrows for me. I gave him in re-
turn a pair of handsome brass barrelled pistols. He seems a
very polite and sensible man, and speaks good French.

May 8. Embarked on board the Delaford, and at 5 P. M.
sailed for England.

not presume to say ; but I am persuaded, that an attempt to introduce
such a system among the labouring negroes in general, without great
caution and due preparation, would be productive of the greatest of evils.

HISTORY

OF THE

WAR IN THE WEST INDIES,

FROM ITS COMMENCEMENT IN FEBRUARY 1793.

WEST INDIES. 279

HISTORY

OF THE

WAR IN THE WEST INDIES,

FROM ITS COMMENCEMENT IN FEBRUARY 1793.

CHAPTER I.

Preliminary Observations. — Commencement of the War. —
Capture of Tobago. — Fruitless Attempt against Martinico.
— Determination of the British Ministry thereon, and,
consequent Preparations for a large Armament to be sent
to the West Indies. — Sir CHARLES GREY appointed to the
Command of the Land Forces, and Sir JOHN JERVIS to the
Command of the Fleet. — New Arrangement.

WHOEVER has made himself acquainted with the his-
tory of the West Indian Islands, cannot fail to have
observed that, whenever the nations of Europe are engaged,
from whatever cause, in war with each other, those unhappy
countries are constantly made the theatre of its operations.
Thither the combatants repair, as to the arena, to decide their
differences; and the miserable planters, who are never the
cause, are always the victims of the contest !

280 HISTORY OF THE

When, at the pacification of 1763, the claims of Great Bri-
tain and France to the neutral Islands of St. Lucia, Tobago,
St. Vincent, and Dominica, were adjusted by a division of the
spoil, many circumstances concurred to induce a hope, that
the contending parties would remain satisfied with their booty,
and not hastily involve the world again in devastation and
bloodshed. One of the causes of former contests between
France and England (the claim to those islands) having been re-
moved, there was certainly reason to suppose, that the remem-
brance of recent calamities, the pressure of poverty, and the
various other distresses which the war had brought on all the
belligerent powers, were circumstances highly favourable to a
continuance of the peace. The short experience of ten years
proved the fallacy of this expectation. The martial spirit of
Great Britain sickened for employment ; and pretences being
wanting for directing it towards her ancient enemies, it was
turned, in an evil hour, against her own subjects in North
America. Wise men foresaw and predicted, that the restless
and intriguing genius of France would not allow that king-
dom to continue an indifferent spectator of such a contest.
Accordingly, in the year 1778, she rushed into another war
with England, without even affecting to have sustained the
shadow of provocation ; and the consequence of her injustice,
and our insanity, was the loss, not only of those of the sugar
islands which had been assigned to us in 1763, but of almost
all the rest ; the dismemberment of the empire, and a combi-
nation of dangers from which, at one moment, death seemed
our only refuge.

Of the capture of the sugar islands in that war, and their
restoration to, Great Britain at the peace of 1783, I have suffi-
ciently treated elsewhere. America alone derived advantage
from the contest. As the French had engaged in the war
without provocation, so they retired from the field, not only
without benefit, but with manifest loss. They contracted an
enormous debt, to the payment of which their ordinary reve-
nues were inadequate ; and perhaps to this circumstance, more
than to any other, the ruin of their ancient government must

WEST INDIES. 281

immediately be attributed. So true is the observation of our
great dramatic Poet (and it is equally applicable to nations and
to individuals) that

-Even handed justice

Commends th' ingredients of our poison'd chalicr,

To otir own lips. SHAKESPEARE.

To a philosopher, speculating in his closet, it might seem
"that such an event could not fail to operate both as a terrible
example, and a profitable lesson, to the nations of the earth ;
but above all, to those few envied states who have every
thing to lose, and nothing to gain, by a change in their situa-
tion. Posterity will either mourn over that page of our his-
tory, or doubt its fidelity, which shall record the melancholy
truth, that, in the year 1192, the government of Great Bri-
tain (too proud to learn wisdom from the misfortunes of others)
adopted towards France the same infatuated line of conduct,
which, a few years before, the French government, nearly
under the same circumstances, had pursued towards Great
Britain. Our conduct was similar; may the mercy of Divine
Providence avert from us a similar issue !

WAR being thus renewed, (first proclaimed, I admit, on the
part of France, but provoked undoubtedly by the rash councils
and imperious language of the British administration), the West
Indies became, as usual, the scene of military enterprize; and
Great Britain had the advantage (if an advantage it might be
called) of making the first onset. On the 10th of February
1793, a few days only after notice had been received of the
French declaration of war, directions were transmitted to Ma-
jor General Cuyler, the commander in chief of the British
troops in the Windward Islands, and to Sir John Laforey, who
commanded in the naval department, to attempt the reduction
of Tobago. As most of the proprietors in that island were
English, it was supposed that an English armament would be
favourably received by the inhabitants: and the event justified

Vol. IV. 36

282 HISTORY OF THE

this expectation. The island surrendered, without any great
struggle, on the 17th of April.

Of the territory thus re-annexed to the British dominion, I
shall give the best account I am able to collect in a subsequent
chapter. At present, I am unwilling to interrupt the narrative
of military transactions, by disquisitions either on its past his-
tory, or its present importance ; and shall, therefore, proceed
to the next attempt of the British forces in tin's part of the
world, which I am sorry to observe had a less favourable ter-
mination.

It was an attack on Martinico ; an enterprize of great mag-
nitude; for the labours and ingenuity of man had co-operated
with the hand of nature, in rendering that island one of the
strongest countries in the world. In 1759, it had successfully
resisted a formidable British armament of ten ships of the line,
besides frigates and bomb ketches, having on board 5,800 re-
gular troops; and although the island surrendered, three years
afterwards, to a much superior force, yet the gallant and vigo-
rous resistance which the garrison was enabled to make on that
occasion, for upwards of three weeks, ought surely to have
induced great caution and consideration, with regard to future
expeditions against a country so amply provided, both by na-
ture and art, with the means of defence.

In the present conjecture, the whole of the British force in
the Windward Islands, was known and allowed to be, of it-
self, vastly inadequate to the object in view; but such represent-
ations had been spread throughout the army, concerning the
disaffection of the greater part of the inhabitants of all the
French islands towards the republican government, recently
established on the ruins of their monarchy, as to create a very
general belief, that the appearance of a British armament be-
fore the capital of Martinico, would alone produce an imme-
diate surrender. General Bruce, on whom the chief command
of our troops had devolved in the interim, was indeed assured,
by a deputation from the principal planters of the island, that

WEST INDIES. 283

" a body of 800 regular troops, would be more than sufficient
to overcome all possible resistance."

. These representations (as the General himself informed, the
king's ministers) induced him, in conjunction with admiral
Gardner, to undertake the expedition ; and the land forces ha-
ving been embarked in the ships of war, the armament arrived
off Cape Navire on the 1 1th of June 1793. On the 16th the
British troops, in number eleven hundred, made good their
landing; and having been joined by a body of about eight hun-
dred French royalists, took possession of a very strong post
within five miles of St. Pierre, it being the General's intention
to attack the two forts which defended that town. The plan
however did not succeed, and I regret, that 1 am unable to fur-
nish a satisfactory account of the causes of its failure. What-
ever information might have been contained in the despatches
from the commander in chief to government, all tfcat has been
communicated to the public lies in a narrow compass, and I
shall repeat the substantial part in the General's own words:
"The morning of the 18th (he observes) was the time fixed
*' for the attack, and we were to move forward in two columns,
" the one consisting of the British troops, the other of the
" French Royalists; and for this purpose, the troops were put
*' in motion before day-break; but unfortunately, some alarm
" having taken place amongst the royalists, they began, in
" a mistake, firing on one another, and their commander
" being severely wounded on the occasion, his troops were
" disconcerted, and instantly retired to the post from which
" they had marched." " This conduct (continues the Ge-
" neral) strongly proved, that no dependance could be placed
*' on the royalists, and that the attack against St. Pierre, must
" have been carried on solely by the British troops, to which
** their numbers were not equal. They were therefore or-
" clered to return to their former posts, from whence they
" re-embarked," &c.

This is the whole, or nearly the whole, of what the British
administration thought proper to furnish for the gratification
of the public curiosity, concerning .the conduct and failure

284 HISTORY OF THE

of tliis unfortunate expedition; and indeed it is sufficient to
demonstrate, that the strong assurances which had been
given, and the sanguine expectations which had been formed,
of .support anJ assistance from the greater part of the French
inhabitants, consisting in the wi.olc of upwards of 10,000
whites, were not justified by the event. It reflects therefore
great honour on the liberal and humane disposition of the
British commanders, that they did not suffer the disappoint-
ment, which they must have felt on this occasion, to operate
to the disadvantage of those of the French planters, by whom
such assurances were held forth, and who, though mistaken
as to their countrymen, manifested the sincerity of their o-vn
professions by their subsequent conduct. " As they would ccr-
*' tainly have fallen victims," observes general Bruce, " to ihe
" implacable malignity of the republican party, as soon as we
" quitted the island, it became in a manner incumbent on us,
*' in support of the national character, to use our utmost
" exertions to bring these unhappy people from the shore ;
" and although the necessity of impressing such vessels as
*' could be found, and the purchasing provisions from the
" merchant vessels, will incur a great expense, I have never-
" theless ventured upon it, trusting for my justification to the
«' generous and humane disposition exhibited by the British
'* nation on similar occasions. We were therefore employed
" in embarking these people, from the 19th to the 21st;" &c.

Notwithstanding this discouraging account, the British mi-
nisters, on receiving intelligence of General Bruce's miscar-
riage, considered themselves imperiously called upon to vindi-
cate the honour of the English arms, by enterprises of greater
magnitude in the same quarter. They resolved to send thither,
forthwith, such an armament, as, in addition to the British
force already in the West Indies, should be sufficient not only
for the conquest of Martinico, but even " to dislodge the ene-
my from every one of their possessions in that part of* the
world:" Such was their declaration.

The necessity of despatching to that part of the king's do-
minions a considerable reinforcement, could not indeed admit

WEST INDIES. 285

of doubt or delay. The preservation of many of our sugar
islands rendered such a measure indispensable ; but the ques-
tion whether it was consistent with prudence and good policy
to prosecute offensive war in that quarter, rather than confine
our attention solely to the defence of the British territories
there, involves in it many great and weighty considerations.
A few reflections which have occurred to me on this head will
be found towards the conclusion of my narrative.

Such, however, whether wisely or not, was the system ap-
proved by the British ministers ; and it must I think be ad-
mitted that, if a war of conquest in the West Indies was, at all
hazards, a proper and justifiable measure, the comprehensive
plan, which embraced the whole possessions of the French in
the Windward Islands, originated in sound policy: certainly
it was wLe, either to attempt the conquest of all of them, or
to leave all of them unmolested. Every man who is acquaint-
ed with the relative situation of the French and British colo-
nies in those islands, the condition of each, and their affinity to
each other, will allo\y that, in this case, there was no medium.

It must likewise be admitted, that the preparations which
the ministers caused to be made, in consequence of this deter-
mination, corresponded to the magnitude and extent of their
views. Orders were issued for the immediate embarkation ot
fourteen regiments of infantry, consisting of near eleven thou-
sand men ; a fleet composed of four nrsr-rate ships of war and
nine frigates, besides sloops, bomb ketches, and transports, was
appointed to convey them to the scene of action, and act in
conjunction with them. And that no possible doubt might
arise in the public mind, concerning the judicious application
of this great armament to irs proper objecr, the whole u MS
placed under the direction of two of the most distinguished
officers which any age or nation has produced; the chief com-
mand being assigned to Sir CHARI.T-S GRLV, General ot the
land forces; and the naval department to vice admiral Sir Jor, \
JERVIS. Neither must ii pass unobserved, in justice to the
different public offices of this kingdom, that the whole was

286 HISTORY OF THE

ready for its departure in less than three months after the re-
ceipt of General Bruce's despatches.

How much it is to be lamented that this great and decisive
plan was not persisted in to the last, the circumstances which
I shall hereafter record, will mournfully demonstrate. It is
with pain I relate, that a few days only before Sir Charles
Grey expected to sail, a new arrangement was made, by which
no less than 4, GOO of the troops that had been placed under his
orders, were detached from the rest, and employed on another
service; the ministers apologizing to the General, by intima-
ting that it was not expected of him to accomplish all the ob-
jects for which the most extensive armament had been judged
necesssary.

Although it cannot easily be supposed that this unexpected
diminution of his army, any more than the apology which
was made for it (by which it was evident that the original
plan was abandoned by government) could be matter of satis-
faction to the commander in chief, yet he silently acquiesced
in the measure ; and, as the secretary of state afterwards very
honourably and handsomely observed in the House of Com-
mons, " did nevertheless complete all the concjuests which
" were in contemplation before any reduction of his force had
" taken place."

The reader's first impression therefore will naturally be,
that, Although a less force was actually employed than was
allotted for this expedition, the deficiency was abundantly sup-
plied by the spirit and energy of the army and navy, and the
wisdom and decision of the commanders; that the objects
in view being fully obtained, though with less means than
were at first suggested, the original system was in truth car-
ried into full effect; and of course the reduction of the army,
justified by subsequent events.

How far this reasoning can be supported, the sequel will
shew. 1 shall proceed in the next chapter .with a detail of
military transactions in the order they occurred.

WEST INDIES. 287

CHAPTER II.*

Sir Charles Grey arrives at Barbados, and sails for the
Attack of Alartinicc. — Proceedings of the Army and
Xury, until the Surrender of that Island.

ON the 26th of November 1793, the armament, reduced
as was stated in the latter part of the preceding chapter,
sailed from Sr. Helen's, and on the 6th of January, 1794, the
squadron cast anchor in Carlisle 1/ay, in the island of Barba-
does: It was afterwards reinforced by the Asia, of 61 guns,
and some additional frigates.

After a month's stay at Barbadocs (an interval which was
usefully employed in preparing gun-boats, in training the sea-
men for land service, and in attendance on the sick) the squa-
dron sailed for the attack of Martinico; having on board, of
land forces (including a detachment of negro dragoons) 6.
effective men.

* It is proper to observe, that mo«t of what is related in this chapter,
concerning the proceedings or' the army anil navy, in the attack and con-
quest of Martinico, is copied from the public despatches of the respective
commanders. The few particulars which I have interwoven in some
places, and added in others, are derived partly from the comprehensive
and circumstantial account which was published by the Rev. Cooper
Willyams ; and partly from private communications from officers who
were in actual service in this campaign. I have arranged the whole after
my own manner, in the view (as I hoped) of giving the detail greater
clearness and perspicuity, than tan be expected from despatches written
commonly in great haste on the spur of the moment.

288 HISTORY OF THE

On Wednesday, the 5th of February, the fleet approached
the south-eastern coast of that island, and the General (having
previously made the necessary arrangements with Sir John
Jervis) divided the army into three detachments, with a view
to land them at three separate and distinct quarters. These
were Gallion Bay on the northern coast, Case de Navires nearly
opposite, on the south, and Trois Rivieres towards the south-
east. The first detachment was commanded by Major General
Dundas, the second by Colonel Sir Charles Gordon, and the
third by the General himself, assisted by Lieutenant General
Prescott. The measure was well concerted ; for by inducing
the enemy to divide his force, it enabled the British to effect
their landing at each place, with very little loss.

On the evening of the same day, Major General Dundas,
with his detachment, escorted by Commodore Thompson and
his division, arrived off the bay of Gallion : Capt. Faulkner in
the Zebra led, and immediately drove the enemy from a battery
on Point a'Chaux. The troops then disembarked without
further opposition, about three miles from the town of Tri-
nite, and halted for the night. Early the next morning they
began their march, but were somewhat annoyed in their pro-
gress by a fire of musketry from the cane-fields, where a body
of the enemy lay concealed. The aim of the Major General
was to take Morne Le Brun, a strong post, situated on an
eminence immediately over the town. This he happily ef-
fected, and instantly detaching Lieut. Col. Craddock with the
second battalion of grenadiers, and Major Evatt with three
companies of light infantry, to attack Trinite Fort, the enemy
fled, and our troops took possession of it, with the cannon
and stores. Commodore Thompson possessed himself at the
same time of the vessels in the harbour, but the town itself
was destroyed by the enemy; for Bellegarde, the popular
leader of the mulattoes, being obliged to evacuate a fort bear-
ing his own name, maliciously set fire to Trinite as he retired,
and the best part of the houses, with a quantity of stores of all
kinds, were consumed by the flames.

WEST INDIES. 289

On the evening of the 7th, Major Gen. Dundas, leaving
Major Skirrett and a party of marines to command at Trinite
Fort, proceeded with his brigade to Gros Morne, a situation
of great importance, commanding the principal pass between
the northern and southern parts of the island ; but although the
fortifications were strong and extensive, the Major Gen.
found the pJace entirely evacuated, the enemy having retired
at his approach. Pushing forward again, the Major Gen. on
the 9th, took possession of a strong situation called Bruneau,
about two leagues north of Fort Bourbon, the enemy retreating
as before. From thence, Major Gen. Dundas detached Lieut.
Col. Craddock with three companies of grenadiers to seize
Fort Matilde, which covered a good landing within two miles
of his left, and where the enemy appeared in considerable
force; but on Lieut. Col. Craddock's approach, they evacuated
the place. Of this post the British troops, being reinforced
with a company of grenadiers, held quiet possession that night,
and the whole of the ensuing day; but in the night between
the 10th and llth, they were attacked by 800 of the enemy,
under the command of Bellegarde, the Mulatto General. Our
troops were rather taken by surprise; but recovering them-
selves, the enemy were totally repulsed; and compelled to take
shelter in Fort Bourbon. In this action Capt. M'Ewen of the
38th, and seven privates, were killed, and nineteen wounded.

Col. Sir Charles Gordon, with the brigade under his com-
mand, was not able to make. good his landing at Case de Na-
vires ; but on the morning of the 8th he landed at Case Pilotte ;
when, finding that the enemy were masters of the great road
and the heights above it, he made a circuitous movement
through the mountains, and ascended until, by day break of
the 9th, he had gained, unmolested by the enemy, the most
commanding post in that part of the country: Col. Myers,
descending from the heights, took possession of La Chapelle,
and a post established by the enemy above it. On his return
the column proceeded, through very difficult ground, to the
heights of Berne, above Ance La Haye ; the enemy keeping a
constant fire in the meantime from the batteries of St. Catha-

Vol. IV. 37

290 HISTORY OF THE

rine. Sir Charles Gordon had now a position which gave him
an easy communication with the transports; when on the 12th,
observing that the battery and works at St. Catharine, and the
posts which guarded the first ravine, were abandoned by th&
enemy, he took possession of them, while Col. Myers, with
five companies of grenadiers, and the forty-third regiment,
crossed four ravines higher up, and seized all the batteries by
which they were defended. The enemy now fled on every
side, and our troops were soon in possession of the five batte-
ries between Cas de Navires and Fort Royal. They then pro-
ceeded and occupied the posts of Gentilly, La Coste, and La
Archet, within a league of Fort Bourbon.

In the meanwhile, the commander in chief, with Lieut. Gen.
Prescott, and that part of the army which had landed at Trois
Rivieres, had marched from thence across a very difficult coun-
try, to the river Salee, and entered the town of the same name,
situated on the banks of the river. On the march, Brigadier
Gen. Whyte was detached with the second battalion of light-
infantry, to force- the batteries of Cape Solomon and Point a
Burgos, in order to obtain possession of Islet aux Ramieres, or
Pigeon Island, an important object, the attainment of which
was necessary to enable our ships to get into the harbour of
Fort Royal. Those batteries were accordingly stormed, and
the Brigadier Gen. being reinforced with a detachment of
Royal and Irish artillery, and 200 seamen, sent Col. Symes
with the seamen, and two companies of the 15th regiment,
to ascend the heights, and take possession of Mount Matharine,
which commanded Pigeon Island at the distance of 400 yards.
This was happily accomplished on the 9th, and batteries erect-
ed on it. These were completed during the night of the 10th,
and on Tuesday morning, the 1 1th, they were opened, and so
well pointed, and incessant a fire was kept up, under the di-
rection of Capt. Pratt of the Irish artillery, that in two hours
the garrison struck their colours, and surrendered at discretion,
with the loss of 15 men killed and 25 wounded.

The Islet aux Ramieres, or Pigeon Island, is situated on the
south side of the bay of Fort Royal, about two hundred yards

WgST INDIES. 291

from the shore. It is in itself a steep and barren rock, inac-
cessible except in one place only, where the ascent is by a lad-
der, fixed against a perpendicular wall ; and the summit is yO
feet above the level of the sea. There were found on it, 1 1
forty-two pounders, 6 thirty-two pounders, 14 thirteen-inch
mortars, and one howitzer, with air immense quantity of
stores and ammunition of all kinds, and a stove for heating
shot.

On the capture of this fortress, the squadron immediately
took possession of the bay and harbour of Fort Royal; and
most of the transports and store-ships got up to Cohee, a har-
bour at the north-east end of the bay, from whence they had
a communication by a chain of posts, with the troops at Bru-
neau; and the next object of attention was St. Pierre, the ca-
pital of the island, in the attack of which, the co-operation
of the forces, both by sea and land, was indispensably ne-
cessary.

In consequence of an arrangement for this enterprise, Col.
Symes, with three light companies, and Major Maitland, with
the 50th regiment, embarked on board a detachment of the
squadron, which were ordered for the bay of St. Pierre.

On the 14th the commander in chief moved forward with
his army to Bruneau, where he left Major Gen. Dundas, and on
the evening of the same day the Major General marched from
thence to Gros Morne with the 2d battalion of grenadiers, the
33d and 40th light companies, and the C.5th regiment. From
Gros Morne he detached Col. Campbell through the woods
by Bois le Bue, with the two light companies and the 65th
regiment, to the attack of Montigne, proceeding himself to-
wards the heights of Capot and Callebasse, from both which
the enemy retired: From the latter the Major General had a dis-
tant view of Col. Campbell's detachment, and the mortification
to see them attacked by a great body of the enemy, strongly
posted about half a mile short of Montigne. The Major Ge-
neral immediately pushed forward his advanced guard under the

292 HISTORY OF THE

command of the Hon. Capt. Ramsay, who, by extraordinary
exertions, came up with the ei»emy while engaged with Col.
Campbell's detachment, and silenced their fire, but the Colonel
himself had unfortunately fallen early in the engagement.
Capt. Ramsay being joined by the second battalion of grenadiers,
now took possession of Montigrie, and the Major General took
post on Morne Rouge. The same evening, the Major Gene-
ral observing several bodies of the enemy moving towards
his front, and forming under a small redoubt, ordered four
companies of grenadiers to advance, and a smart engagement
ensued; the enemy was covered by a brisk fire, from two
field pieces on Morne Bellevieur. The action continued for
about half an hour, when tha enemy retreated, and during the
night abandoned the fort on Morne Bellevieur, of which our
troops immediately took possession.

Our army had now arrived within two leagues of St.
Pierre, from whence at day-break, on the 16th, the enemy
sent a flag, requiring three days to consider of a capitulation.
The Major General returned for answer, that instead of three1
days he would allow them only three hours ; and leaving a
company of grenadiers in possession of Bellevieur, he imme-
diately moved on towards St. Pierre. At this juncture, the
detachment of the squadron arrived in the bay, and began their
•operations. Colonel Symes, with the troops and seamen who
•were to land with him, had, previous to their entering the
bay, embarked on board the Zebra and Nautilus sloops, which
drawing little water could land them without difficulty. In
the evening of the 16th, these vessels approached the north
part of the bay, the other men of war standing in to cover
them from the fire of the enemy. C?;pt. Hervey, in the Santa
Margarita, perceiving the troops were likely to be much an-
noyed by two batteries with heated shot, steered close under
the guns of the most considerable of them, and effectually
silenced it. About four in the morning of the 17th, the troops
made good their landing, and immediately advanced towards
St. Pierre ; but the conflict was at an end, for the enemy seeing
the British approach both by sea and by land, evacuated the

WEST INDIES. 293

town, leaving their colours flying, which were immediately
hauled down, and the British colours placed in their room.
By ten o'clock the whole of Colonel Symes's detachment had
marched into the town, and were soon afterwards joined by
General Dundas and his army.

No injury was done, nor outrage offered, to the inhabitants;
the women and children sat at their doors to see the soldiers
jr.. . in, as peaceably and cheerfully as the inhabitants of an
Et.glish village behold a regiment pass through their streets.
One instati' u only occurred, an attempt to pillage; for which
the offender was immediately hung up by the Provost Marshal,
at the,gate of the Jesuits College.

The town of St. Pierre being thus captured,* and many
important posts in different parts of the country already in
possession of the British troops, it might have been supposed
that the surrender of the island was speedily to have followed;
but so great was the natural and artificial strength of the coun-
try, and so obstinately was it defended on this occasion by the
inhabitants, that much remained to be done before this event
took place. The two great forts of Bourbon and Fort Roval
(the former commanded by Rochambeau the Governor of the
Island) were still to be conquered; and it was impossible
closely to invest Fort Bourbon, without first possessing the
heights of Surie or Sourier, a situation eminently strong and
difficult, and defended by a large body of the enemy, under the
command of the mulatto General Bellegarde. The commander
in chief therefore proposed to attack this post from his camp
at Bruneau, on the night of the 18th, and to depend for suc-
cess solely on a vigorous use of the bayonet; but, a few hours
previous to the time he had fixed for the enterprize, Belle-

* Lieut. Malcolm of the 4ist grenadiers was appointed Town Major,
in consideration of his distinguished conduct and active services at the
head of a body of riflemen, which was composed of two men selected
from each company of the first battalion of grenadiers. We shall have
evasion to mention this officer hereafter.

HISTORY OF THE

garde himself, with part of his troops, descended the heights,
and attacked the General's left. His intention was, if possi-
ble, to cut off the communication between the British army
and navy. The attempt was bold, but it was ruinous. The
General immediately perceived the advantage to be derived
from it, and seized it in the moment ; for, directing Lieut.
Gen. Prescott to keep the enemy in check, he ordered from
his right Lieut. Col. Buckeridge, with the third battalion of
grenadiers, and Lieut. Colonels Coote and Blundell, with the
1st and 2d battalions of light infantry, to attack Bellegarde's
camp on the left. In this service this detachment displayed
such spirit and impetuosity as proved irresistible, and posses-
sion being taken of Beilegarde's camp, his own cannon were
turned against him. This unfortunate man and his second
in command, with about 300 of their followers, surrendered
themselves to the General a few days afterwards, the two
leaders desiring to be sent to North America, on condition of
never serving against his majesty; and in this request they
were grati6ed. Their followers were sent on board the king's
ships as prisoners of war.

From the 20th of February, Forts Bourbon and Louis, with
the town of Fort Royal, were completely invested, and the
General was busily employed in erecting batteries on his first
parallel. On the north east side, the army under General
Prescott broke ground on the 25th of February, and on the
west side towards La Caste, fascine batteries for mortars and
cannon were erecting with all possible expedition. In this
business the seamen eminently distinguished themselves ; and
the siege was carried on with unremitted exertion by night
and day ; the most perfect co-operation prevailing between the
army and navy ; the exertions of both being animated by the
presence and approbation of his Royal Highness Prince Ed-
ward, who arrived from Quebec the 4th of March, and taking
the command of Sir Charles Gordon's brigade, set an admi-
rable example of discipline and good conduct to the whole
army, by his behaviour, during the remainder of the campaign.
The advanced batteries were at length brought within five

WEST INDIES.

295

hundred yards of Fore Bourbon, and not more than two hun-
dred from the redoubt; when on the 17th of March, the Ge-
neral concerted measures with the Admiral for a combined as-
saulr, by the naval and land forces, upon the fort and town of
Fort Royal. Scaling ladders being provided, and the neces-
sary arrangements settled, the ships destined for the service
took their stations on the morning of the 20th of March.
The Asia, and the Zebra sloop, with Captain Rogers, and a
body of seamen in flat boats (the whole under the command of
Commodore Thompson), composed the naval force; the lan.l
force consisted of the first battalion of grenadiers, the first and
third light infantry, with the third grenadiers.

About 10 o'clock the Asia and Zebra got under way. The
Zebra led in, towards the mouth of the harbour; receiving the
enemy's fire, without returning a shot. The Asia had got
within the range of grape shot, when, to the surprise of the
whole fleet, she wore and made sail from the fort. She stood
in a second time, and again put about.* Now then it was
that Captain Faulkner of the Zebra acquired immortal honour;
for perceiving that he could not expect any assistance from the
Asia (a ship of the line) he determined to undertake the ser-
vice alone in his small sloop of 16 guns, and he executed this
design with matchless intrepidity and good conduct; for run-
ning the Zebra close to the walls, and leaping overboard at
the head of his sloop's company, he scaled the ramparts, and
drove the enemy from the fort. " No language of mine
(says Admiral Jervis) " can express the merit of Capt. Faulk-
" ner on this occasion ; but as every man in the army and
" squadron bears testimony to it, this incomparable action
" cannot fail of being recorded in the* page of history." Col.
Symes, in the same triumphant moment, entered and took pos-
session of the town.

* It is said that a French loyalist, named Toureller, who had formerly
been lieutenant of Fort Louis, was employed by Capt. Brown as pilot on
this occasion, and that this man, under pretence of shoals, refused to
cajry the ship any farther.

296 HISTORY OF THE

This signal success determined the fate of the Island ; fof
General Rochambeau, perceiving that all was lost, imme-
diately sent a flag from Fort Bourbon, offering to surrender on
capitulation. The terms were accordingly adjusted on the
23d, and on the 25th, the garrison, reduced to 900 men,
marched out prisoners of war. To the gallantry with which
this fortress was defended, General Grey bore an honourable
testimony, by observing, that " the British troops, on entering
" the place, could scarcely find an inch of ground which had
" not been touched by their shot or their shells."

Thus was achieved the conquest of Martinico, with the loss
on the part of the British of 1\ men killed, 193 wounded, and
of three that were missing. The limits 1 have prescribed to
myself will not allow me to enumerate the particular merits
of all those gallant men, whose services, both by sea and land,
were conspicuous on this occasion. History will not fail to
record them, and above all to give due honour to that zealous
co-operation, to that admirable spirit of unanimity and con-
cord between the sea and' land service, which were particularly
observable during the whole siege; and for want of which, in
other cases, both numbers and courage have oftentimes proved
unavailing.

%* Immediately on the surrender of the island, the following procla-
mation was issued in General Orders :

Head Quarters, Fort Royal,
ajth March 1794.

Parole, FORT GEORGE. C. S. FORT EDWARD.

Field Officer, COLONEL COOTE.

The Commander in Chief Orders Fort Bourbon now to bear the name
of Fort George, and Fort Louis to bear the name of Fort Edward : and
to be called so in future. The commander in chief, with heartfelt sa-.
tisfaction, congratulates the Army on the complete conquest of the Island
of Martinico, a most important acquisition to his Majesty's crown. He
begs permission to return the Army in general his warmest thanks for
their zeal, perseverance, gallantry, and spirit, so eminently distinguish-
ed, and never before exceeded, by every rank, from the general to the sol-
dier, throughout this service; and this justice he cannot fail to do them
in the strongest language to his Majesty.

WEST INDIES. 297 ~

CHAPTER IIL

Conquest of St, Lucia. — Description of Guadaloupe. — Pro-
ceedings against that Island. — Its Surrender completes
the Conquest of the French West India Colonies. — Cause
of the subsequent Reverses. — Mortality among the British.
— Arrival of a French Squadron with Troops at Guada-
loupe.— Their Successes: followed by {he Reduction of the
ichole Island. — Inhuman Barbarity of Victor Hugues to
the Royalists. — Sir C. Grey and Sir J. Jem's, succeeded
by Sir J. Vaughan and Admiral Caldwell.

VICTORY having thus far crowned the British arms,
General Grey determined, without loss of time, to per-
severe in his career of glory; wherefore, leaving five regi-
ments under the command of General Prescott, for the pro-
tection of Martinico, he and the brave Admiral proceeded, on
•the morning of the 31st of March, to the attack of St. Lucia.
This island had not the means of a formidable defence ; and
on the 4th of April, his Royal Highness Prince Edward, after
a fatiguing march of fourteen hours from the landing place,
hoisted the British colours on its chief fortress Morne For-
tune; the garrison, consisting of 300 men, having surrendered
on the same terms of capitulation as those that had been
granted to General Rochambeau. Ricard, the officer com-
manding in St. Lucia, desired and obtained permission, as Ro-
chambeau had done before him, to embark for North Ame-
rica ; but the garrisons of both, of St. Lucia and Martinico,
were sent to France immediately on their surrender.*

* So rapid were the movements oi the British army, that his Royal
Highness Prince Edward reimbarked in the Boyne at the end of 58 hours
after he had landed at St. Lucia. It is impossible to mention this island
without lamenting that it has proved in every war a grave to thousands
of brave men! On the present occasion a circumstance occurred v.hicli
•demonstrates, in a very striking manner, the extreme unwholesomencss

Vol. IV. 38

298 HISTORY OF THE

After the completion of this service, General Grey, having
left the sixth and ninth regiments, with detachments of artil-
lery and engineers, as a garrison for St. Lucia, snd appointed
Sir Charles Gordon governor of that island, returned to Marti-
nico ; and the spirit of enterprise among the soldiers heing thus
kept alive and encouraged, the General turned his attention in
the next place to the large and fertile colony of Guadaloupe.

It is necessary the reader should be apprized in this place,
that Guadaloupe consists in fact of two islands, divided from
each other by a narrow arm of the sea, called La Riviere
Salee, (Salt River), which is navigable for vessels of 50 tons;
the eastern island, or division, being called Grande Terre, and
the western, Basse Terre. Adjoining the former, is a small
island called Desirade, and near to the latter a cluster of little
islands called Les Saintes. At some distance from these, to-
wards the east, is another island called Marie Gallante; all
these were dependencies on Guadaloupe, and comprised in its
government.

On Tuesday the 8th of April, such of the troops as remain-
ed after the necessary garrisons for the conquered islands were
formed, embarked in transports, and the fleet sailed from the
bay of Fort Royal. A detachment of the squadron having
been sent in the first place to attack the little islands above
mentioned, called Les Saintes, that service was executed with
much spirit and gallantry by a party of seamen and marines ;
and about noon on the 10th, the Boyne and Veteran cast an-
chor in the Bay of Point a Petre, in the division of Grande
Terre; a fresh wind and lee current preventing many of the
transports from getting in until the day following.

Without waiting however for the arrival of all the troops,
the General effected the landing of a considerable detachment,

of the climate. The night after the troops had landed, tlie first battalion
of grenadiers took possession of some negro huts : the second battalion
had r.o such accommodation, or rather chose to remain in the open air.
The consequence was, that while the former continued healthy, 40 of the
men of the latter were returned the next morning en the sick list.

WEST INDIES. 299

with the addition of 500 marines at Groser Bay, at one o'clock
in the morning of the 1 1 th, under cover of the Winchelsea
man of war, the Captain of which, Lord Viscount Garlics,
being the only person that was wounded on the occasion. .
" He received a bad contusion (observes Admiral Jervis), from
" the fire of a battery against which he had placed his
" ship, in the good old m/y, within half musket shot." The
battery however was soon silenced, and early on the morning
of the 12th, the Fort of La Fleur d'Epee was carried by as-
sault, and the greatest part of the garrison put to the sword.
Fort St. Louis, the town of Point a Petre, and the new battery
upon Islet a Cochon, being afterwards abandoned, and the in-
habitants flying in all directions, the possession of Grande Terrs
was complete.

The reduction of Basse Terre was effected the 21st of the
same month; for the strong post of Palmiste being carried by
the gallantry of Prince Edward and Col. Symes, and that of
Houelmont by Major Gen. Dundas, the French governor
(Collot) immediately capitulated; surrendering the whole of
Guadaloupe and all its dependencies to the king of Great Bri-
tain, on the same terms that were allowed to Rochambeau at
Martinique, and Ricard at Lucia. It is pleasing to add, that
this conquest was happily effected with the loss on the part
of the British of only 17 men killed, and about 50 wounded. ir

This gallant tind successful enterprise completed the en 'ire
conquest of the French possessions in the West Indian Islands;
and the primary views and declarations of the British ministers
were thus wonderfully, and I believe unexpectedly, realized by
British energy and valour. Happy, if the scene had shut ac
this period, and no envious cloud overcast the close of a cam-
paign, the opening and progress of which had shone with so
bright a lustre in the eyes of all Europe !

But now it was, that the measure of reducing the army at
the outset of the expedition, began to manifest those unhappy

* From a return found among General Collot's papers, it appeared
that the number of French troops in Guadaloupe was 5877.

300 HISTORY OF THE

consequences, which it was then predicted would ensue from
it. In allotting garrisons for the security of the several islands
which had surrendered, the deficiency of troops for that pur-
pose, was at once obvious and alarming. It was discovered
that the mortality had been so great (more from sickness, the
never failing effect of extraordinary exertion in tropical cli-
mates, than the sword of the enemy) as to have reduced the
ranks to nearly one half their original numbers; and of the
troops which remained alive, a very large proportion were so
worn down by unremitting fatigue, as to be rendered absolutely
incapable of efficient service. Unfortunately, the numerous
enterprises in which the British forces were engaged, and es-
pecially the fatal, and never-enough to be lamented, attempt
on St. Domingo, left it not in the power of the king's minis-
ters to send such a reinforcement to the Windward Islands as
the occasion required.

So early, however, as trie 22d of March, four regiments,
consisting of 2,377 men, had sailed from Cork for Barbadoes.
They were intended indeed for St. Domingo, but authority
was given to General Sir Charles Grey, to detain two of them,
if circumstances should render it necessary, to serve under his
own command in the Windward Islands.

These regiments arrived at Barbadoes on the 5th of May,
and the General detained the eight battalion companies of the
35th, one of the four regiments, but observing the extreme
anxiety which the British minister expressed in his despatches
for prosecuting the enterprise against St. Domingo, and trust-
ing (as he writes) ** that effectual care would be taken at home
to prevent the. enemy in the conquered islands receiving as-
sistance from Europe," he replaced those battalion companies
with eight flank companies from his own army, which was
thus rather diminished than augmented by the exchange.*

* These flank companies proceeded first to Jamaica, ami from thence
to Port au Prince ; and nothing can afford a more striking demonstration
of the sad consequence of tropical warfare, than the account which has
been given of this reinforcement on its arrival at the place of its desti-
nation. '« On the 8th of June, eight flank companies belonging to the

WEST INDIES. 301

From this period, the tide which had hitherto flowed with
so rapid and prosperous a current, began to run in a contrary
direction. The sickness which had for some time prevailed
in the army, was become exasperated to pestilence. The
troops sunk under it in great numbers, and among its most
distinguished victims, was major general Dundas, the governor
of Guadaloupe. On the 4th of June the commander in chief
(being at that time with the admiral, inspecting the state of
St. Christopher's) received the melancholy account of this
gallant officer's death, and early on the morning of the .5th
further intelligence arrived, which rendered his loss at that
juncture doubly afflicting. This was nothing less than the
very unexpected information, that a French armament of con-
siderable force was, at that moment, off Point a Petre !

On receipt of this intelligence, the admiral made immediate
sail for Guadaloupe, and arrived there on the afternoon of the
7th, and having put the commander in chief ashore at Basse
Terre, he proceeded with the ships to Point a Petre; but found
that the enemy had not only made good their landing ; but had
also forced fort Fleur d'Epee on the preceding day, and were ac-
tually in possession of the town, and the forts by which it was

" aad, a4th, 35th, and 4ist regiments, arrived at Port au Prince, un-
" der the command ot Lieutenant Colonel Lenox. They consisted, on
<c their embarkation, of about seventy men each, but the aggregate
*' number, when landed, was not quite three hundred. The four gre-
" nadier companies, in particular, were nearly annihilated. The frigate
" in which they were conveyed, became a house of pestilence. Up-
'* wards of one hundred of their number were buried in the deep, in the
" short passage between Guadaloupe and Jamaica, and one hundred
«« and fifty more were left in a dying state at Port Royal. The
4< wretched remains of the whole detachment discovered, on their land-
" ing at Port au Prince, that they came not to participate in the glo-
" ries of conquest, but to perish themselves within the walls of an hos-
" pital! So rapid was the mortality in the British army, after their ar-
" rival, that no less than forty officers, and upwards of six hundred
" rank and file, met an untimely death, without a contest with any
" other enemy than sickness, in the short space of two months after the
a surrender of the town."

Historical Survey of St. Domingo, Chap. xi. p. 167.

302 HISTORY OF THE

defended. They had likewise secured their shipping at Safe!
anchorage in the harbour. It was now discovered that this
armament consisted of two frigates, a corvette, two large ships
armed en Jlutc, and two other vessels; having brought with
them 1500 regular troops.*

The success of the French on this occasion was the more
surprising, as there was at this time in Guadaloupe a larger
proportion of British troops than in either of the other con-
quered islands: it is asserted by a respectable author, f who
collected his observations on the scene of action, that the pro-
gress of the enemy was greatly, accelerated by the misconduct
of several of the French royalists then in the fort, a party of
•whom (misinformed perhaps as to the real number of the in-
vaders) offered their services to sally on the besiegers, and
marched out for that purpose, under the command of Captain
M'Dowall of the 43d, but on approaching the enemy they
•were panic struck, and deserted to the town. Thirty of them
only out of 140 returned to Fleur d'Epee with Captain
M'Dowall. The British merchants and sailors from the town
of Point a Petie, had thrown themselves into this fort to co-
operate with the garrison. This little band, under the com-
mand of Lieutenant Colonel Drummond of the forty-third
regiment, did all that gallant men could do ; twice they repulsed
the assailants; but the French royalists who remained in the
fort, conceiving the vain hope of obtaining mercy for them-
selves by a surrender, insisted at length, that the gates should
be thrown open. This was no sooner done, than the enemy
poured in from all sides, and the few surviving British soldiers
(not more than 40 in number) were obliged to make the best
retreat they could to Fort Louis. This place not being tenable
after the loss of Fleur d'Epee, was soon abandoned by them,
and they crossed over to Basse Terre.|

* This armament sailed from Rochfort on the 251!! of April.

•f- Rev. Cooper Willyams, chaplain to the Boyne.

J The celebrated Brigadier General Arnold, being on business of a
mercantile nature ar Point a Petre, was captured at the time the place fell
into the hands of the republicans, and, being apprehensive of ill treatment,
changed his name to Anderson. He was put on board a prison-ship in

WEST INDIES. 303

The commander in chief, the moment the strength of the
enemy was ascertained, had transmitted orders to the com-
manders in the different islands to send from thence whatever
force could be spared ; and the legislature of St. Christopher,
immediately on receiving notice of the enemy's appearance,
raised a considerable body of volunteers at the expense of the
colony, and despatched them, with great expedition, to co-
operate in this important service.

All the force that could be thus obtained, being at length
collected at Basse Terre, detachments were landed on the side
of Fort Fleur d'Epee, and many skirmishes took place with the
enemy, between the 19th of June and the beginning of July,
the particulars of which it is not necessary to relate. The
weather was now become insupportably hot, and the tropical
rains being already set in, the General determined to make an
effort to finish the campaign at a blow. It was planned that
a large body of troops, under Brigadier General Symes, should
march during the night, and make themselves masters of Morne
government and the other commanding heights round the town
of Point a Petre; the General himself, at the head of the rest of
his army remaining in readiness on the heights of Mascot, to
storm fort Fleur d'Epee, on receiving a signal from the brigadier ;
the failure of this enterprise was a fatal circumstance ; and

the harbour, and had considerable property in cash with him, of which,
it is supposed, Fremont and Victor Hngues were informed, as he received
an intimation from one of the Fiench sentries, that lie was known, and
would soon be guillotined. On this alarming intelligence, he determined
to attempt an escape, which he effected in the following manner: At
night he lowered into the sea a cask containing clothes and valuables, with
a direction on it, that if it floated, to the shore of cur camp at Berville,
it might be known, and restored to him ; he then lowered down his cloak
bag to a small raft which he had prepared, on which also he got himself,
and proceeded to a small canoe, in which he pushed for the British fleet,
directed by the admiral's lights. On his making towards the mouth of
the harbour, he was challenged by the French row-guard, but by the dark-
ness of the night escaped from them, and arrived on board the Boyne by
four o'clock on Monday morning, the joth of June. See the Rev.

Cooper Willyams's Account, of the Campaign in the West Indies.

304 HISTORY OF THE

many animadversions having been made on the conduct of it ;
I shall recite the particulars in General Grey's own words :
" On the evening of the 1st instant Brigadier General Symes
" marched from Morne Mascot with the 1st battalion of
" grenadiers, the 1st and 2d battalions of light infantry, and
" the 1st battalion of seamen commanded by Captain Robert-
" son, to attack the town of Point a Petre before day-break
" on the 2d instant ; but being misled by their guides, the
" troops entered the town at the part where they were most
*' exposed to the enemy's cannon and small arms, and where
*' it was not possible to scale the walls of the fort ; in conse-
" quence of which, they suffered considerably from round
" and grape shot, together with small arms fired from the
" houses, &c. and a retreat became unavoidable." It gives
me great concern, observes the General, to add, that Brigadier
General Symes was wounded ; and that Lieutenant Colonel
Gomm, and some other meritorious officers, were killed on this
attack, as was also Captain Robertson of the navy, a valuable
officer, and whose death was a great loss to the service.*

The meditated attack on Fort Fleur d'Epee, being thus ren-
dered abortive, and the British troops so reduced or debilitated
as to be absolutely unfit for further exertion, (exposed as they
were to the sun and the rains) it was resolved, at a consultation
held on the 3d, between the commander in chief and the ad-
miral, to relinquish all further attempts for the present on Grande
Terre; and to remove the artillery and stores, and to reinforce,
with the troops, the posts in Basse Terre. This determination,
dictated by a necessity which left no alternative, was carried
into effect without loss, on the night of the 5th. " I now,'*

* Brigadier General Symes died of his wounds a short time afterwards ;
exclusive of whom, the total loss of the British in this unfortunate affair,
and some preceding attacks, is stated as follows :

i lieutenant colonel, 4 captains, 7 lieutenants, 7 Serjeants, z drummers,
91 rank and file, killed; j major, 3 captains, 7 lieutenants, 13 Serjeants,
8 drummers, 298 rank, and file, wounded; i Serjeant, 3 drummers, fz rank
and file, missing. One of the French frigates in the harbour did great
execution, killing 3 officers and 36 privates of the light infantry, by a
single discharge of giape shot. They were unfortunately drawn up in a
sheet, which was effectually commanded by her guns.

WEST INDIES.

said the general in his letter of the 8th, " occupy with my
" whole force, the ground between St. John's Point and Bay
" Mahault, and having erected batteries with 24< pounders,
" and mortar batteries, at Point Saron and Point St. John,
opposite to the town of Point a Petre, my situation gives per-
fect security to Basse Terre."

Many arrangements, however, were yet to be made for the
maintenance of this position during the approaching hurricane
months, and until a reinforcement should arrive from Great Bri-
tain. These being at length completed, the general embarked
on board the Boyne, and sailed for St. Pierre in the island of
Martinique, where he established his head-quarters, leaving
Brigadier Graham to command in his absence at Basse Terre.

The head-quarters of the British army in Guadaloupe were
at camp Berville, which was placed on commanding ground;
flanked by the sea on one side, and on the other by an impass-
able morass. About a mile on the rear was a narrow pass, by
which alone the camp could be approached, and in front was
the river Sallee, on the furthermost banks of which stands the
town of Point a Petre ; but the situation of this encampment,
so favourable in other respects, proved to be, in the highest
degree, unhealthful. The baneful effects of the climate at this
season of the year were aggravated by putrid exhalations from
the neighbouring swamps, and a dreadful mortality ensued among
the troops. By the middle of August, the numbers on the sick
list constituted the majority of the camp. During the month,
of September, the army was inadequate to the supply of guards
for the different batteries. Several companies could not pro-
duce a single man fit for duty ; and the 43d regiment could not
even afford a corporal and three men for the protection of their
own camp in the night.

In order, therefore, to keep up the appearance of force in
front of the enemy, the different islands were completely-
drained of troops, and a body of French loyalists were selected
to perform military duty at the post of Gabarre; where they
conducted themselves with much spirit and fidelity.

Vol. IV. 39

306 HISTORY OF THE

The commissioner from the French convention, and novr
commander in chief of the French troops in Guadaloupe, was
Victor Hugues, a man of whom I shall hereafter have frequent
occasion to speak. It is sufficient in this place to observe,
that though his name has since become proverbial for every
species of outrage and cruelty, he was not deficient either in
courage or capacity. Observing how severely his own troops,
as well as ours, suffered from the climate, he conceived the
project of arming in his service, as many blacks and mulattoes
as he could collect. These men, inured to the climate, and
having nothing to lose, flocked to his standard in great num-
bers, and were soon brought into some degree of order and dis-
cipline. With the co-operation of these auxilliaries, apprised at
the same time of the debilitated state of the British army, the
French commissioner determined to attack the British camp at
Berville. For this purpose on Saturday the 26th of Septem-
ber, he embarked a large body of troops in small vessels, which
passing our ships of war unperceived, under cover of a dark
night, made good their landing in two detachments ; the one at
Goyave, the other at Bay Mahault. The detachment which
took possession of the place last mentioned, immediately
marched to Gabarre, in the view of surrounding the French
royalists stationed there, and it was with great difficulty that
they escaped to Berville. The other detachment which had
landed at Goyave, began its march to Petit Bourg. Lieut.
Col. Drummond, of the 43d regiment, with some convales-
cents from the hospital, and a party of royalists, advanced to
meet them, but perceiving their great superiority, found it ad-
visable to retreat ; and they took post at a battery upon the
shore, called Point Bacchus, where however they were soon
surrounded, and the whole party made prisoners. By the pos-
session of this post, the enemy entirely cut off all communica-
tion between the British camp and shipping. They then pro-
ceeded to possess themselves of the neighbouring heights, and
formed a junction with the other detachment which had land-
ed at Bay Mahault: by this means the camp at Berville was
completely invested by land; its whole strength, including the
sick and convalescent, consisted of no more than two hundred
and fifty regular troops, and three hundred royalists. All that

WEST INDIES. 307

courage, perseverance, and despair could effect, was perform-
ed by the united exertions of this gallant band. In the first
attack on the morning of the 29th, after a conflict of three
hours, the republicans were defeated with great loss. They
were again repulsed in two subsequent attacks, on the 30th of
the same month, and the 4th of October. But their numbers
continually increasing, and the manifest impossibility of open-
ing a communication with the British fleet, depriving the gar-
rison of all proper succour, General Graham, on the represent-
ation of his officers, consented on the 6th of October, to send
a flag to the French commissioner, offering to capitulate. To-
wards the British, the terms granted by the enemy were suffi-
ciently liberal, but the condition demanded for the French
royalists, that they should be treated as British subjects, was
declared inadmissible; all the favour that could be obtained
for them, was the sanction of a covered boar, in which twen-
ty-five of their officers escaped to the Boyne. The rest of the
miserable royalists, upwards of 300 in number, were left a sa-
crifice to the vengeance of their republican enemies. Finding
themselves excluded from the capitulation, they solicited per-
mission to endeavour to cut their way through the enemy, an
attempt which must have ended only in the destruction both
of themselves and the British. There was a faint hope enter-
tained, however, that Victor Hugues (whose character was
not at that time sufficiently developed), would relent on their
surrender. In this expectation, however, these unfortunate
people were cruelly disappointed, and their sad fate cannot be
recorded without indignation and horror. The republicans
erected a guillotine, with which they struck off the heads of
fifty of them in the short space of an hour. This mode of
proceeding, however, proving too tedious for their impatient
revenge; the remainder of these unhappy men were fettered
to each other, and placed on the brink of one of the trenches
which they had so gallantly defended: the republicans then
drew up some of their undisciplined recruits in front, who
firing an irregular volley at their miserable victims, killed some
and wounded others; leaving many, in all probability, un-
touched: the weight however of the former, dragged the rest
into the ditch, where the living, the wounded, and the dead,

HISTORY OF THE

shared the same grave ; the soil being instantly thrown in upon
them.--

Thus was the whole of this fertile country (the single for-
tress of Matilda cxcepted) restored to the power of France, and
placed under the domination of a revengeful and remorseless
democracy. General Prescott, who commanded the Matilda
Fort, sustained a long and most harassing siege, from the 14th of
October to the lOch of December. His conduct throughout,
as well as that of the officers and men under his command, was
above ail praise. He maintained his position until the fort was
no longer tenable, and having no other means of saving his
reduced and exhausted garrison from the sword, he was obli-
ged at length to abandon it by silent evacuation. Three line
of battle ships had indeed arrived in the interim from Great
Britain, but they came only to behold the triumph of the ene-
my. With this adverse stroke of fortune, closed the cam-
paign of 119 4 : its career for a while was glorious beyond ex-
ample; and if the very unhappy measure of reducing the
number of the troops at the outset, had not taken effect, or if,
as soon as the news of the capture of Martinico had reached
England, a strong reinforcement had been sent to the scene of
action, it cannot be doubted that Guadaloupe would have still
continued in possession of the English, and the page of history
remained undefiled with those dreadful recitals of revolt, de-
vastation, and massacre, which I shall soon have the painful
task of recording, to the shame and everlasting dishonour of
the French character, and the disgrace of human nature.^ Our
gallant commanders were fortunate, in being allowed to with-
draw in time from an atmosphere polluted by such enormities.
Worn d(.-wn by constant exertion both of body and mind, as-
sailed by an unprincipled faction with the basest calumnies,
and oppressed by the melancholy and daily prospect of a gal-
lant army 'perishing of disease, they were happily relieved from
infinite anxiety by the appearance of the reinforcement before
mentioned, in which arrived Gen. Sir John Vaughan and Vice
Adml. Caldwell ; to the former of whom Sir Charles Grey, and
to the latter Sir John Jervis, surrendered their respective com-
mands, and on the 27th of November sailed for Great Britain.
* Rev. Cooper Willyams's account of the campaign, Sec.

WEST INDIES. 309

CHAPTER IV.

Savage Indignities of Victor Ilugues to the remains of Gene-
ral Dundas. — His unprecedented Cruelty to his British
Prisoners. — Meditates Hostilities against the other Islands.

THE first measure of the French commissioner, on taking
possession of Fort Matilda, displayed in the strongest
manner the baseness and ferocity of his character. The body
of Major General Dundas had been buried within the walls of
that fortress, and a stone placed over it with a suitable inscrip-
tion. This humble memorial, which a generous enemy, in
every civilized part of the earth, would have held sacred, was
immediately destroyed by orders of this savage despot, and the
remains of the deceased hero dug up and thrown into the river
Gallion. This mean and cowardly display of ineffectual ven-
geance, was made the subject of boasting and triumph in a
public proclamation, worthy only of its author.*

The miseries of war seem, indeed, to have been wantonly
aggravated by this man, to an extent never known among the
rudest and most barbarous nations. In the village of Petit
Bourg lay many sick and wounded British soldiers, who had

* So much has been heard of Victor Hugues, that it may be agreeable
to the reader to be informed of his origin and early pursuits. He was
born of mean parents in some part of cLI France, and was placed out
when a boy, as an apprentice to a hair dresser. In that occupation he
went originally to Guadaloupe, where he was afterwards known as a
petty innkeeper at Basse Terre. Failing in that pursuit, he becsme
master of a small trading vessel, and at length was promoted to a lieu-
tenancy in the French navy. Being distinguished for his activity in the
French Revolution, he was afterwards deputed, through the influence of
Robespierre, to whose party he was strongly attached, to the National
Assembly. In 1794. he obtained the appointment of Commissioner at
Guadaloupe, with contrcllng powers over the commanders of the army
and navy; and proved himself in every respect worthy of his great pa-
tron and exemplar, being nearly as savage, remorseless, and bloody, as
Robespierre himself.

jio HISTORY OF THE

been taken prisoners with Colonel Drummondat Point Bacchus.
These unhappy men made an humble application to Victor
Hugues for medical assistance and fresh provisions. Their pe-
tition was answered by a death warrant. The vindictive con-
queror, instead of considering them as objects of mercy and
relief, caused the whole number in the hospital, and among
them it is said " many women and some children," to be in-
discriminately murdered by the bayonet ; a proceeding so enor-
mously wicked, is, I believe, without a precedent in the annals
of human depravity.*

After such conduct towards men who were incapable of
making either resistance or escape, it may well be supposed
that revenge was not tardy in the pursuit of its victims among
the inhabitants of the country. To be accused of actions, or
suspected of principles, hostile towards the new government,
was to be convicted of treason. Accordingly, persons of all
conditions, without respect to sex or age, were sent daily to the
guillotine by this inexorable tyrant, and their execution was
commonly performed in sight of the British prisoners.

Victor Hugues, having taken these and other measures for
securing the quiet possession of Guadaloupe, determined in the
next place (his force being inadequate to a regular attempt
against any of the other islands) to adopta system of hostility
against some of them, which, though well suited to his cha-
racter and disposition, was not less outrageous and sanguinary
than unprecedented among civilized states. To this end he
directed his first attention towards Grenada and St. Vincent's,
expecting to find in each of those islands, adherents fit for the
project which he meditated. * *******£

* I am unwilling to give this anecdote to the public, without quoting
my authority. I relate it on the testimony of the Rev. Cooper Willyams,
chaplain of the Boyne, who quotes Col. Drummond himself, and it is
confirmed by a declaration drawn up by General Vaughan and Vtce-Ad-
miral Caldwell. Col. Drummond himself was confined to a prison
ship, and by particular orders from Victor Hugues, to swab the decks
like the meanest seaman.

J N. B. At this interesting period the history closes.— Death abruptly
terminates the author's labours.

HORTUS EASTENSIS :

OR

A CATALOGUE OF EXOTIC PLANTS,

In the Garden of HINTON EAST, Esq; in the Mountains of Liguanea,
in the Island of Jamaica, at the Time of his Decease.

BY ARTHUR BROUGHTON, M. D.

N. B» This Garden is now the Property of the Public.

HORTUS EASTENSIS.

Classis I.
M 0 N A N D R I A.

Canna
Amomum

Ind'tca <var.iutea Yellow Indian Shot East Indies
Gran.paradisi*Gmne* Pepper Guinea

Mr. Shakespear, 1780
T. Hibbert, esq. -1785

Zingiber

Common Ginger East Indies

Curcuma

longa

Turmeric East Indies

Z. B. Edwards, esq. 178'

Kgempferia

Galanga

Galangale East Indies

Dr. T. Clarke, 1775.

Thalia

genkulata

Indian Arrow-root South America

Classis 11.

D I A N D R I A.

MONOGTNIA.

'

Nyctanthes

Sambac

Arabian Jasmine

•var.fi. ^>/if«oDouble Arab. Jasmine East Indies

H. East, esq. 1775

Jasminum

officina/e

Common Jasmine

lanceolatum ?•

Narrow-leaved Jasmine East Indies

H. East, esq. 1787

Azoricum

Azorian Jasmine Madeira

H. East, esq. 1787

odorathsimum

Yellow Indian Jasmine Madeira

M. W allsrt, esq. 1787

Olea

Europxa

European Olive Europe

M. Wallen, esq. 1783

fragrant

Sweet scented Olive China

H. East, esq. 1783

Syringa

•vulgaris

Common Lilac Persia

M. Wallen, esq. 1774

Persica

Persian Lilac Persia

M. Wallen, esq. 1785

Justicia

tp. nov. arborea Italy

Tho. Hibbert, esq. 1785

Dianthera

Americana

American Balsam Virginia

Rosmarinus

officinal]*

Rosemary Europe

Salvia

officina/is

Garden Sage S. of Europe

Afncana

African Sage C. of G. Hope Dr. Tho. Chrke, 1775

cocci nea

Scarlet Sage East Florida

Dr. T. Clarke, 1775

Solarea

Clary Syria

H. Eaat

Piper

Valeriana
Tamarindus

nigrum

Locusta
indlca

•TRIGTNIA.
Black Pepper East Indies

Classis III.
TRIANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.
Lamb's Lettuce Portugal

T. Hibbert, esq. 1787

Tamarind Tree

India, America

H. East, esq.

* This plant has now several time? perfected its seed, from which it appears to be thi
true Guinea, or Malagita Pepper, and Grains of Paradise of the shops; it is not, howsverj
an AMOMUM, but approaches nearer to the Li MOD DRUM than any other known Genus.

VOL. IV

40

314

HISTORY OF THE

Crocus
Ixia

sativus

Gladiolus

Antholyza

Iris

Wachendorfia tbyrsjflora

Lygeum S fart urn

tblnennt

communii

ditbioplca

funtila

Spring Crocus
Rose- coloured Ixia
Spotted Ixia
Common Flag

Dwarf Iris
Rush-leaved Lygeum

D1GYNIA.

Avena

sati-va

Oats

Arundo

bamboi

Bamboo Cane* East Indies

Hordeum

•vulgare

Barley

Classis IV.

TETRANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

Scabiosa

Cretlca

Cretan Scabious Candia

Rubia
Budleja
Plantago
Cissus
OL'enlandia

atropurpurea
fteltata
tinctorum
globosa -f
lanceolata
quadrangular 11
umbellata

Sweet Scabious Italy
Starry Scabious Spain-
Madder S. of Europe
Chili
Rib-wort Plantain- Britain
India
Che India

Alchemilla

vulgar'n

Ladies Mantle Britain-

TETRAGYNIA.

Ilex

tquifolium
Cassine
no-v. Sp.

Common Holly Britain
Paraguay Tea Carolina
Madeira

England M. W alien, esq.

C. of G. Hope H. East, esq.
China H. East, esq. 1789.

S. of Europe M. Wallen, esq. 1774
C. of G. Hope H. East, esq. 1788
Austria H. East, esq.

C.ofG.HopeH. East, esq. 1790
Spain H. East, esq. 1791

M. Wallen, esq. 1775

M. Wallen, esq.

M. Wallen, esq. 1773

H. East, esq. 1788
M. Wallen, esq. 177*
H. East, esq. 1788
Mr. Thame, 1790
H. East, Esq. 1788
M. Wallen, esq. 1772
H. East, esq. 1791
H. East, esq. 1791
H. East, esq. 1791

H. East, esq. 1774

Mr. Gale, 1772

T. Hibbert, esq. 1787

Classis V.
PENTANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

Heliotropium
Anchusa
Cynoglossum
Borago
Primula

Peruii'tanum
officinalis
officiuale
officinalh
•veris

auricula

Cyclamen
Azalea

Persicum
•viscosa

Plumbago
Phlox
Convolvulus

rosfa
glaberrlma
scammonia

purpureus maj.

minor

tricolor

(jnariensis

Ipomoei
Campanula

!f>ecitsus
Quamodlt

•rotundifalla

Peruvian Turnsole
Bu gloss

Hound's- tongue
Borage
Primrose
Auricula

Persian Cyclamen
White Azalea
Bengal Lead -wort
Smooth Lychnidea
Scammony Bind-weed
Large purple Bind-weed
Small purple Bind-weed
Trailing Bind-weed
Perennial Bind-weed
Broad-leaved Bind-weed
Indian Creeper
Bell-flower

H. East, esq. 1788
H. East, esq. 1774
M. Wallen, esq. 1775
M. Wallen, esq. I77Z
M. Wollen, esq. 1780
H. East, esq. 1790
H. East, esq. 1787
H. East, esq.
H. East, esq. 1787
Mr. Thame, 1787
Dr. T. Clarke, 1775
H. East, esq.
H. East, esq.
H. East, esq.

Peru

Europe

Britain

England

Britain

Austria

Candia

N. America

Bengal

N. America

Levant

America

America

Spain

Canary Islands

East Indies

East Indies

Britain M. Wallen, esq. 1772

* This most valuable production is now successfully cultivated in all parts of J
•\ Hon. KcivcKils, vol. i. p. 150.

WEST INDIES.

3*5

Cinchona *

Hispaniola Baric

Hispaniola Mr. Thame, 1790

Coffea

Arabic a

Coffee Tree

Arabia

Lonicera

Periclymefvm

Common Honeysuckle

Britain M. Wa!!en, esq. 1773

sympboricarpas

St. Peter's Wort

Carolina H. East, esq.

Tartarlca

Tartarian Honeysuckle

Russia H. East, esq.

Mirabilis

Jalapa

Marvel of Peru

E. & W. Ind.

Verbascum

tbsipsus

Great Mullein

Britain H. East, esq. 1772

Datura

mere!

Hairy Thorn Apple

Africa

Nicotiana

Tabacum

Virginian Tobacco

America

Physalis

alkekengi

Winter Cherry

S. of Europe H. East, esq. 1779

Solanum

tuberomm

Common Potato

Peru

metongena

Egg Plant

Inuia

sodomteum ?

Bolant,ena

Africa

Rhamnus

jujuba

Jujube-tree

East Indies Dr. T. Clarke, 1790

Diostna

c'iliata

Ciliated-Diosma

C.of G.Hope H. East, esq. 1788

Mancifera

indica \

Mango Tree

East Indies Lord Rodney, 1782

Ribes

grtssu/aria

Gooseberry

Europe M. Wallen, esq. 177*

Ribes

rulrum

Red Currant

Britain M. Wall-n, esq. 1771

ntgrum

Black Currant

Briuin M. Wallen, esq. 1771

Vitis

'vinifera

Grape Vine

Celosia

cristata

Cockscomb

Asia

*var.

Buff-coloured Cockseb.

Asia H. East, esq. 1774

Gardenia

Jlorlda

Cape Jasmine

China Dr. T. Clarke, 1775

Tbunbergia

Starry Gardenia

C.of G.Hope Dr. T. Clarke, 1775

Allamanda

catbartica

Galarips

South Amer. T. Hibbert, esq. 1789

Vine*

rosea

Red Periwinkle

East Indies

alba J

White Periwinkle

Mr. Thame

Nerium

Oleand. fl, rub. Red South-Sea Rose

Spain, Port.

Jl. albo

White South Sea Rose

H. East, esq. 1787

j9. p/ent

Double Olsander

DJGYNIA.

Asclepias

fruticosa

Shrubby Swallow-wort

Africa H. East, esq.

gigantea

Auricula Tree

Stcpelia

•vartegatet

Variegated Stzpelia

C. of G. Hope T. Hibbert, esq. 1787

Beta

bybrida

Mangel Wursel

Europe H. East, esq. 1790

•vulgaris

Common Beet

England

Daucus

Carota

Garden Carrot

Britain

Gomphrena

gldboia

Globe Amaranth

India

Coriandrum

sativum

Coriander

England Mr. Thame, 1787

Pastinaca

ttLt\<va

Garden Parsnip

England

Anethum

gra-veolens

Dill

Spain, Port. H. East, esq.

Ftemculum

Fennel

England

Carum

Car-vi

Caraway

Britain Mr. Tharr.e, 1787

Pimpinclla

Anhum

Anise

Egypt Mr. R. Lloyd, 1787

Apium

Petroielinum

Parsley

Sardinia

gra-veolens

Celery

Britain

Cassine

capensis

Hottentot Cherry

C. ofG. H. H. East, esq. 1788

Sambucus

EAu/ui

Dwarf" Elder

Britain M. W.illen, esq. 1773

nigra

Black -berried Elder

Britain M. W 1 en, -rq 1773

Rhus

Conaila

Elm-kaved Sumach

S. of Europe T. Hibber', esq. 1787

typbinum

Virginian Sum.iJi

Virginia Mi. Gaic, 1772

* Ajjlnit Cincbontf Caribe<e.

•\ The 'Mango is inserted in its usual place, although in reality it is Polygamious, and
hitherto very imperfectly described. — N. B. This Plant, with several others, as \\ell as
different kinds of Seeds, were found on b^ard a Fren' h Ship (bound t'rorn the Isle <l • Jr.itice
for Hispaniola) taken by captain Marshall of his Majesty's -jhip Flor.i, one >f '.
squadron, in June 1782, and sent as a priz- to this Island. By captain Marfh
Lord Rodney's approbation, the whole col.eftion was deposited in Mr. East's garden, where
they have been cultivated with great assiduity and fuccess.

J This Plant first appeared here on a dunghill where the red had been thrown out, ani
has since continued steady from Seed.

316

Linum

tijitathsimum
Kantimum

HISTORY OF THE

PENTAGYNIA.

Common Flax Britain

Sea Flax Italy

M. Wallen, esq. 1773
H. East, esq. 1788

Tradcscantia

Narcissus

Narcissus

Haemanthus
dinum

Amaryllis

Allium

Lilium

Clorrosa

Tulipa

Ornithogalum fyrenaicum

Ktttans

odorus
Taxetta
Jcnqullla
putiiccus
Americanum
Zeylanicum ?
Asia tic urn
Africanum
Atatnasco
formoshsima
reglnx
Belladonna
aurea
longifolla
radiata
'vittata
ascalonkiim
gracl'e *
sati-vum
forrum
Cepa

bulblferum
Pompcnhim
Cbalcedcnlcum
Martagon
superba
gesneriana

Classis VI.
HEXANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

Purple Spidtr-wort Honduras Mr. Shakespeare,

Sweet-scented Narcissus S. of Europe Mr. Thame, 1773
Polyanthus Narcissus Spain, Port.
Jonquil Spain

Blood-Flower Guinea

S. America

East Indies

East Indies

C. of G. Hope H. East, esq. 1770

N. America H. East, er.q.

£cobea Lily S. America

exican Lily S. America

S. America
China

onquil

lood-Flower
American Crinum
Ceylon Crinum
Indian Crinum
African blue Lily
Atamasco Lily

cobea Lily

exican Lily
Belladonna Lily
Golden Amaryllis

Mr. Thame, 1773
Mr. Thame, 17 ;•
H. East, esq. 1785

M. W alien, esq. 1772
H. East, esq. 1790
M. Wallen, esif. 1774
H. East, esq. 1785

Long- leaved Amaryllis C. of G. H. H. East, esq. 1789

Asphodelus
Asparagus
Dracaena

Tolyanthes
Hyacinthus
Aletris

Yucca

Aloe
Berberis

Oryza

ramosus
officinalif .
Drac<n
ferrea

tuber, jl. phno
Orierta/is
Capensis
byacintholdei
glcriGsa
a/oifolia
draccnis
.perfoliata
var. Barbad.

Snow-drop Amaryllis

Striped Lily

Jerusalem Shallot Asia

African Garlic Africa

Garlic

Leek

Onion

Orange Lily Italy

Pompcnian Lily Siberia

Scarlet Martagon Lily Levant

Purple Martagon Lily America

Superb Lily

Tulip

Star of Bethlehem,

Neapolitan ditto

Branchy Asphodel

Asparagus

Dragon Tree

Purple Dracaena

Tuberose

Hyacinth

Cape Aletris

Ceylcn Aloe

Superb Aloe

East Indies

Levant

England

Italy

S. of Europe

England

East Indies

China

Ea"$t Indies

Levant

C. of G. H.

Ceylon

N. America

S. America

S. Carolina

Barbadoes Aloe

Berberry Britain

DIGTNIA.
Common Rice

H. East, esq. 1789
H. East, esq. 1789
H. East, esq.
Dr. T. Clarke, 1775

H. East, esq. 1774
H. East, esq.
H. East, esq. 1790
Mr. Thame, 1789
H. East, esq. 1788
M. Wallen, esq.
H. East, esq. 1782
H. East, esq. 1782
H. East, esq. 1784

Dr. T. Clarke, 1775
H. East, esq. 1787

M. Wallen, esq. 1773
H. East, esq. 1788
H. East, esq. 1790
Dr. Linds.y

Mrs. Brodbelt, i;-.>

M. Wallen, esq.

•J- Hart. Kewensls, vol. i- p. 403.

* IJort. Kewensh) vol. i. p. 4295 said to be a native of Jamaica, but erroneously.

WEST INDIES.

3*7

Rumex

Sapindus

TRIGYNIA.
obtutifolius Blunt-leaved Dock Britain M. Wallen> esq. 1773

Classis VII.
HEPTANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

Hifpocastanum Horse Chesnut Asia Mrs. Brodbelr, 1770

fa-va Yelbw-flowered Ches. N. Carolina H. East, esq. 1790

Pavta Scarlet-flowered Ches, N. America M. Wallen, esq. 1774

M. Wallen, esq. 1774

H. East, esq. 1784
H. East, esq.
Mons. Nedloux,* 1789
H. East, esq. 1785
T. Hibbert, esq. 1787
M. Wallen, esq. 1784
M. Wallen, esq.
Dr. T. Clarke, 1778

Dr. T. Clarke, 1775

Classis VIIL
OCTANDRIA.

MONQGTNIA.

Tropaeolum

minus

Indian Cress

Peru

Melicocca

tijuga

Genip

S. America

Ximenia

inermis

Smooth Ximenia

East Indies

Fuchsia

trypbylla

Scarlet Fuchsia

Chili

Lawsonia

incrmis

Smooth Ljjwsonia

Africa

ipinosa

Prickly Lawsonia

East Indies

Vaccinium

Arctoitapbylos

Madeira Whortle-Berry

Madeira

Erica

multiflora

Many- flowered Heath

S. of Europe

Oenothera

fumila

Dwarf Primrose

North Amer.

Nov. Gen."j~

The Akee

Africa

edulh

TRIGYNIA.
Litchi Plumb China

* Botanist to the French king at Hispaniola.

•j- This Plant was brought here in a slave ship from the coast of Afiica, and now grows
very luxuriant, producing every year large quantities of fruit; several gentlemen are encou-
raging the propagation of it, I do not know that it has hitherto been described} its charac-
ters are as follows :
CAL. Periaathium pentaphyUum inferum, foliolis ovatis acutis concavis, persistentibu*

villosis.
COR. Petala quinque oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, villosa, ad basin sursum flsxa et recep-

taculo adpressa, calyce alte'na et eo longiora.
STAM. Filamenta otto brevissima, pilosa, ad basin germinis receptaculo glanduloso inserta.

Antherae oblongae in orbem circa germen dispositae et ejusdem fere longitudinis.
Pi ST. Germen subovatum tiiquetrum pilosum. Stylus longitudine germinis, cylindricus,

pilosus. Stigma obtusuin.
PER. Caosula carnosa, oblonga, utrinque obtusa, trigona, trilocularis, trivalvis, apice

dehiscens.
SEM. Tria, orbicularia, nitida, appendice audla.

Arbor haec quinquaginta pedes altitudine plerumque superat; Truncus cortice subfusca
scabto tegitur ramis numerosis longis crassis irregularibus, inferioribus ad terram fere
dependentibus. Folia habet p'mnata, foliolis ovato-Unceolatis venosis integerrimii n;v:o-
sitis Ixvibus superne niridis, spithamaeis, utrinque quatuor vel quinque, petiolis brevibu^
tumidis. Racemi simplices striifli, rnultiflori axillares, longitudine fere pinnarum, pedun-
culis ptopiiis unifloris, stipulis lanceolatis, rufo-tomentosis, persistentibus. Flores parvi
albidi inodori. Frudlus magnitudinis ovi anserini, colore flavo, rubro, aurantiaco, vel
ex utrisque mixto. Semina tria nitid.i nigra magnitudinis Nucis moschatae, quorum
unum ssepissime abortit. Semini singulo adnascitur materies albida (Semen magnitudinei
cxcedens) consistenriae pingued'mis bovinas et aqua leniter co£ta Medullae haud absimilii^
Ah Jncolism Guinea ad mensas apponitur vel per se vel Jusculo vel Pulmento clixa.

HISTORY OF THE

Class is IX.
ENNEANDRIA.

MONOGYNU.

Laurui Cinnamomum* Cinnamon Tree Ceylon

Campbc,ra Camphire Tree Japan

nobilis Sweet Bay Tree Italy

indicts Royal Bay Tree MaJ iia

ftetens Madeira Laurel Madeira

Benxitn Benja-r.in Tree Virginia

Borbcnia Carolina Bay-Tree Carolina

Satsapbras Sassaphras Tree North Amer.

Lord Rodney, 1782
Dr. T. Clarke, 1775
Mr. Kuckan, 1770
H. East, esq 1788
T. Hibbert, esq. 1787
T. Hibbert, esq. 1787
Mr. Gale, 1772.
M. Wallen, esq. 1773

Rheum

Bauhinia

Cassia

Poinciana

Guilandina

rbaponticum
falmatum

furfurea
icandens

Bastard Rhubarb
True Rhubarb

Asia
China

Classis X.
DECANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

Purple Bauhinia
Climbing Bauhinia
Variegated Bauhinia
Senna Tree
Sweet Cassia

•varugata

Senna

Fistula

pulcherrima

<var.jl.Jlav, Yellow Flower-fence
Moringa-\- Horse-radish Tree

Mr. Thame, 1786
Mr. Thame, 1786

East Indies
East In. ties
East Indies
jEgypt
E. & W. Ind.

Honduras
East Indies

H. East, esq. 1790
H. East, esq. 1790
H. East, esq. i-'go
H. East, esq. 1787

Mr. Shakespeare, 1784
H. East, esq. 1784

* This Tree will, doubtless, in a few years, become a very valuable acquisition to the
Island: some samples of the Bark lately sent to England prove it to be 'he true Ceylon cin-
namon, and of the best kind. It is now cultivated with great attention in many parts of
the Island.

•f- This Tree has hitherto been generally considered as a species of the genus Guilaridina,
but very erroneously, as will appear from the following characters :
CAL. Perianthium pentaphyllum, foliolis oblongis obtusis concavis, tribus superiorlbus

reflexis, duobus inferioribus patentibus.

COR. Petala quinque. Petala duo superiora magnitudine foliolorum calycis, plana obtusa
reflexa obovata ; lateralia duo paulo majora concava obovata lunata minus
reflexa; inferius spatulato-obovatum obtusum concavum, lateralibus majui, et
genitalibus approximatum, patens.

STAM. Filamenta novem, quorum quinque tantum fertilia, ad basin crassa villosa, versus

apices contorta, longitudine inxqualia, antherae quinque bicapsulares subrotundae.

Sterilia quatuor minora longitudine etiam inaequalia, antheris minimis vel nullis,

omnia petalis fere dimidio breviora.

PIST. Germen oblongum. Stylus filiformis leviter curvatus, petalis et staminibus longior.

Stigma acutum.

PER. Longum triangulate trivalve, utrinque acutum.
S»M. Trialatum, alls lineis oblongis sibi invicem jun&is. Nux fragilis rotunda. Nucleo

rotundo trisulcato.

Arbor viginti pf.dalis, cortice cinereo; Rami pstentes numerosi. Folia tii vel quadripin-
nata sesquipedalia, foliolis ovalibus obtusis tri linearibus teneris integerrimis pedicelUtis;
glandola parva pediccllata intra singulas foliolorum divisiones. Racemi axillares semipe-
dales, calycis foliola subcarnea, petalis albis ad basin leviter purpureis. Pericarpium
pedale sukatum? angulis acutis. Calycis foliola et petala saspe irregulariter reflexa et
__ numero varia, sed Petalum inferias semper reftujn et genitalibus approximatum.

WEST INDIES.

Ruta
Melia
Quassia
K.almia

graveolent
Axederacb

amara
latifolia
angustifolia
Rhododendron maximum

Arbutus

Saxifraga
Dianthus

Nov. Gen.*

Silene

pcr.ticum
Uncdo

Garden Rue S. of Europe M. Wallen, esq.

B-ad Tree East Indies

Bitter Quassia Guiana Mons. Nectoux, 1789

Broad lea\ed Kalmia North Amer. H. East, esq. 1786

Narrow-leaved Kalmia North Amer. H. East, esq. 1786

North Amer. H. East, esq. 1786

Gibraltar H. East, esq. 1786

Strawberry Tree Ireland H. East, esq. 1785

D1GYNIA.

umtrosa

caryjphyllut
•uar.

London Pride
Sweet-William Pink
Clove July-flower
Carnation

England
Europe
England

Cbinensis

China Pink

China

tuperbus

Superb Pink
Mandarin Orange

France
East Indies

TRIGYNIA.
Lobel's Catchfly England

M. Wallen, esq. 1789
M. Wallen, esq. 1771
M. Wallen, esq. 177*

M. Wallen, esq. 1771
M. Wallen, esq. 1772
H. East, esq. 1788

H. East, esq. 1773

Spondias South Sea Plum

Agrostemma coronaria Rose Campion

Sedun Anacampseroi Evergreen Orpine

PENTAGYNIA.

Asia Lord Rodney, 1782

Italy H. East, esq.

S. of France H. East, esq. 1791

Po-,tulaca

Halesia

Garcinia

Classis XI.
DODECANDRIA.

MONOGTNU.

triangular'^ Triang, stalked Purslane St. Vincent T. Hibbert, esq. 1787
tetraptera Snow-drop Tree ' Carolina H. East, esq. 1789

cornea ?-f- Small Mangostein East Indies Lord Rodney, 1782

iJorata

TRIGYNIA.

Mignionette

M. Wallen, esq. 1773

* This Shrub has been introduced into our Gardens here from England under the above
Title, but I do not know on what Authority; the following are it's CharaSerSj as nearly
as I have been able to ascertain them:

CAL. Pe ianthium pentaphyllum inferum, foliolis parvis ovatis eredtis.
COR. Petala quinque, laciniis ovatis vel subrotundis, ereftis inferis, calyce duplo lon-

gioribus.
STAM. Filamenta decem circa Germen compressa, erecla, longitudine Corollae. Anthers

parve simplices.

PIST. Germen s-ibrotundum. Stylus vix ullus. Stigma compressum.
PER. Bacca lucida mernbrano tenui obtedla, pulpa p^ucissima.
SEM. Duo, membrano proprio tecta, striata, pisi magnitudine, ita ut duo applicata sphae-

rum constituunt, et sorte semen unicum in duo fissile.
Frutex quatuor pcdalis inordinate ramosa, folia petiolata lanceolata-ovata afrerna glabra

integerrima ; flores axillares congest! subsessiles. Corolla alba. Germen facie aemulac

frudum juniorem Citri Aurantii.

•f- This Tree was at first suprosed to be the true Mangostein, but having perfecled its
fruit, on comparison with the description given of the true Mangostein, we judge it to be
the G. cornea. Male and Hermaphrodite flowers are found on the same Tree.

320

HISTORY. OF THE

Classis XII.
ICOSANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

Cactus

C3cb:niUifer Cochineal Cactus South Amer.

Mons. Nefloux, 1789

Pereskia Spanish Gooseberry South Amer.

Philadelphus

coronarit/t Dwarf Syringa S. of Europe

H. East, esq.

aromathus Sweet-scented Syringa New Zealand

H. East, es,q. 1787

Eugenia

Jambot Rose-Apple India

Z. Bayly, esq. 1762

Myrtus

commur.h

var. romana Broad-leaved Myrtle ~t

Belglca Dutch Myrtle >

M. Wallen, esq. 1773

Narrow-leaved Myr. J

Punica

Granat.jl.plen Double-flowered Pomeg. Spain

M. Wallen, esq. 1774

Amygdalus

Persica Peach Tree

M. Wallen, esq.

var. .Afe<?7<zr/*<7 Nectarine Tree

M. Wallen, esq.

communit Almond Tree Africa

Dr. T. Clarke

-Prunus

Armemaca Apricot Tree

Mr. Kuckan, 1773

Cerasut Cherry Tree England

M. Wallen, esq.

domestics Plum Tree England

M. Wailen, Esq.

DIGYNIA.

Crataegus

Oxycantba Hawthorn Britain

H. East, esq. 1773

Crut Gelil Cockspur Hawthorn N. America

H. East, esq.

PENTAGYNIA.

Mespilus

Germanica Dutch Medlar England

H. East, Esq. 1774

Pyracantha Evergreen Thorn Italy

H. East, Esq. 1774

Pyrus

Malui Apple Tree Britain

communit Pear Tree England

M. Wallen, esq.

Cydonla Quin:e Tree Germany

M. Wallen, esq. 1773

Mesembryan-

crystallinw Ice-Plant Greece

H. East, esq. 1787

themum

Spiraea

Ulmaria Meadow- Sweet Britain

M. Wallen, esq. 177*

POLYGYNIA.

Rosa

lutea Yellow Austrian Rose Germany

H. East, esq.

cinnamomca Cinnamon Rose S. of Europe

H. East, esq.

cer.tlfelia Hundred leaved Rose Spain

H. East, esq.

deimaicena. Damask Rose France

M. Wallen, esq.

gall'ica Red Rose S. of Europe

M. Wallen, esq.

muscosa Moss Rose France

H. East, esq.

tnoscbata Musk Rose Italy

H. East, esq.

alba White Rose Europe

H. East, esq.

rubigincsa Sweet-Brier Rose Britain

M. Wallen, esq.

Rubus

idtfut

var. ruber. Red Raspberry Biitain

M. Wallen, esq. 1775

albut White Raspberry Britain

M. Wallen, esq. 1773

Fragaria

vesca

•var. cblhens Chili Strawberry Chili

M. Wallen, esq. 1772

fratcns. Hautboy Strawberry Britain

M. Wallen, esq. ijjz

Classis XIII.

POLYANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

Capparis

sp'inisa Caper Shrub Italy

H. East, esq. 1774

Papaver

Rbeeas Red Poppy Britain

H. East, esq. 1774

WEST INDIES.

Thea •virldls

Bobea

Caryophyllus aromaticus *
Cistus popullfollus

incanui
critpus
Tuberaria

Delphinium grandtflorum
Consolida
datum

Aconitum Napellut

Aquilegia vulgarit
Nigella damatcena

Green Tea-Tree
Bohea Tea-Tree
Clove Tree
Poplar- leaved Cistus
Hoary-leaved Cistus
Curled leaved Cistus
Plantain -leaved Cistus
Great-flowered Larksp.
Branching Larkspur
Bee Larkspur
Chinese Larkspur
Wolfsbanc

China

China

Moluc. Islan.

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Siberia

England

Siberia

China

France

Dr. T. Clarke, 1775
Mr. Baker, 1771
Dr. T. Clarke, 1789
H. East, esq. 1779
H. East, esq. 1779
H. East, esq. 1779
H. East, esq. 1779
H. East, esq. 1774
M. Wallen, esq. 1772
M. Wallen, esq. 1773
H. East, esq. 1773

PENTAGYNIA.

Britain
Spain

Columbine Flower
Fennel Flower

M. Wallen, esq. 177*
M. Wallen, esq. 1771

POLYGYNIA.

Illicium

Jioridanum

Aniseed Tree

Florida

H. East, esq. 1787

Liriodendron

tulipifera

Tulip Tree

North Amer.

H. East, esq. 1776

Magnolia

grandiflora

Laurel-leaved Mas

jriolia Carolina

Mr. Gale, 1772

glauca

Swamp Magnolia

N. America

Mr. Gale, 177*

acuminata

Blue Magnolia

N. America

H. East, esq. 1788

Annona

Cherimoya

S. America

H. East, esq. 1786

Anemone

borttnsif

Garden Anemone

Italy

M. Wallen, esq. 1773

Atragene

indica

S. America

H. East, esq. 1788

Clematis

jlammula

Virgin's Bower

S. of France

Adonis

aatumnalls

Flos Adonis

England

M. Wallen, esq.

Ranunculus

auricomut

Wood Crowfoot

Britain

M. Wallen, esq. 1773

Classis XIV.

DIDYNAMIA.

GYMNOSPERMIA.

Satureja

hortensh

Garden Savory

Italy

Hyssopus

ojficinalit

Hyssop

S. of Europe

Nepeta

cataria

Catmint

Britain

H. East, esq.

Lavandula

Spica

Common Lavender

S. of Europe

M. Wallen, esq. 1774

Lavandula

sttecbas

French Lavender

S. of Europe

H. East, esq. 1787

dentata

Tooth-leaved Lavender

S. of Europe

H. East, esq. 1787

*

multlfida

Canary Lavender

Canary Islan.

Dr. T. Clarke, 1784

Sideritis

candicant

Iron- wort

Madeira

H. East, esq.

Mentha

•uiridts

Spear -Mint

England

plperita

Pepper-Mint

England

Pulegium

Pennyroyal

Britain

Glecoma

bederacea

Ground Ivy

Br'tain

Betonica

officinalis

Wood Betony

Britain

H. East, esq.

Marrubium

vulgare

Horehound

Britain

M. Wallen, esq.

Origanum

omtet

Pot Marjoram

Sicily

Majorana

Sweet Marjoram

Thymus

tiulgarli

Garden Thyme

Italy

masticLira •

Mastic Thyme

Spain

H. East, esq.

Melissa

tfficlnallt

Balm

Britain

Dracocephalum.R«yjf&ia/»<z

Sweden

H. East, esq. 1788

* Two of these plants were presented to Dr. Clarke by Monsieur Nectoux, from the king't
irden at Port au Prince j they appeared in a very luxuriant state of growth on their arrival,

but have since died

VOL. IV

41

HISTORY OF THE

Mo'da-vica
tasilicum

Moldavian Balm
Sweet Basil

Moldavia
Persia

M. Wallen, esq. 1774
M. Wallen, esq.

ANGIOSPERMIA.

majus

Snap-dragon

England

M. Wallen, esq. 1773

asarina

Toad-flax

I^aly

H. East, esq. 1773

purpurta

Purple Fox-glove

Britain

H. East, esq. 1787

ambigua

Yellow Fox-glove

Switzerland

H. East, esq. 1784

catalpa

Trumpet-flower

Carotin*

H. East, esq. 1788

data

Upright Browallia

Peru

Dr. T. Clarke, 1775

Orientate

Vanglo, or Oil Plant

East Indies

prionites

Thorny Barleria

India

H. East, esq. 1788

agnui coitus

Chaste Tree

Sicily

Mons. Nedtoux, 1789

murex

Prickly-fruited Pedal.

East Indies

T. Hibbert, esq. 1787

major

Honey-flower

C. of G.Hope H. East, esq. 1784

Classis XV.

T

E T R A D Y N

A M I A.

SILICULOSA.

latifolium

Pepper-wort

Britain

H. East, esq. 1788

sativum

Garden Cress

Germany

ijficinalis

Scurvy-grass

Britain

H. East, esq. 1775

armsracia

Horse-radisK

England

umbellata

Candy-tuft

S. of Europe

H. East, Esq. 1775

halimifolium

Sweet Alysson

Italy

H. East, Esq. 1774

incanum

Hoary Alysson

Italy

H. East, esq. 1788

annua

Honesty

Germany

H. East, esq. 1773

SILlStUOSA.

nasturtium Water-cress Britain

cbeiri Wall-flower Britain

irranus Queen's Stock Italy

annuus Ten-week Stock Spain

triitii Night-smelling rocket Hungary

alba White Mustard Britain

rngra Black Mustard Britain

rapa Turnep England

oleracea Common Cabbage England

•var. i Red Cabbage

2 Savoy Cabbage

3 Cauliflower

4 Brocoli

5 Turnep'rooted Cabbage
sativus Garden Radish China

var. i Turnep Radish
2 Black Radish

M. Wallen, esq. 1772
M. Wallen, esq. 1772-
H. East, esq. 1772
H. East, esq. 1772
M. Wallen, esq.

Classis XVI.

MONADELPHIA.
PENTANDRIA.

malacoides Mallow-leaved Geran. S. of Europe H. East, esq. 1788

alcbitnilloidcs Mantle-leaved Geran. C. of G. Hope H. East, esq. 1788

coriar.drifdiuni Coriander-leaved Ger. C. of G. H. H. East, esq. 1788

Ktnale Horse -shoe Geran. C. of G. H.

WEST INDIES.

323

guercifolium
radula

Oak-leived Geran. C. of G. H. H. East, esq. 1788
C. of G. H. H. East, esq. 1788

•vitifalium

Balm-scented Geranium C. of G. H. M. Wallen, esq.

capitatum

Rose-scented Geranium C.of G. H. M. Wallen, Esq.

betulinum

Birch-leaved Geranium C. of G. H. H. East, esq, 1778

Bohem'uum

C. ofG. H. H. East, esq. 1788"

Itt-viratum

C. of G. H. H. East, esq. 178:;

Hertnannifelium C. of G. H. H. East, esq. 1788

palmatum

C. of G. H. H. East, esq. 1788

DODECANDRIA.

Pentapetes

ptxenicea

Scarlet Pentapetes East Indies Dr. T. Clarke, 1775

POLYANDRIA.

Adansonia

dig it at a

Monkies Bread Senegal H. East, esq.

Sida

Ind'tca

Indian Mallow India H. East) esq.

Alcea

rotea

Holly-hock China M. Wallen, esq. 1774

Malva

capens'n

Cape' Mallow C. of G. Hope H. East, es<j. 1787

crhpa

Curled Mallow Syria H. East, eiq. 1774

rotundif'jfia

Dwarf Mallow Britain Capt. Jones

Lavatera

tburingiaca

Great-flowered Laven. Hungary M. Wallen, esq. 1773

Hibiscus

popu/neui

Poplar-leaved Hibiscus East Indies H. East, esq. 1784

mutabllit

Changeable Rose East Indiej M. Wallen, esq.

rosa Sinentii

China Rose China M. Wallen, es^.

Syriacus
Jiculneus

Alth??a Frutex Syria M. Wille:-.; c;q.
Fig-leaved Hibiscus Ceylon H. East, esq, 1788

trionum

Bladder Hibiscus C. of G. Hope H. East, es ;. 1784.

sabdariffa

Sorrel Hibiscus India

Camellia

Japonica

Japan Rose Japan H. East, esq. 1787

Classis XVII.

DIADELPHIA.

DECANDRIA.

Erithrina

berbaca.

Herbaceous Coral tre>: Carolina Mr. Gale, 1771

grandiflora

Large flowering C. tree H. East, esq.

Spartium

junctvm

Spanish Broom 3, of Europe M. Wallen, esq. 1773

scoparium

Common Broom Britain M. Wallen, esq.

monospermum

White-flowered Broom Portugal M. Wallen, esq.

Genista

candicam

Hoary Genista S. of Europe H. East, esq. 1788

Ulex

Europatu !

Furze or Whin Britain M. Wallen, esq.

Capemis

Cape Furze C. of G. Hope H. East, esq. 1782

Crotalaria

Juirea

Chinese Crotalaria China Dr. T. Clarke

retu;j

Wedge-leaved Crotahri => East Indies

•verrucosa

Blue-flowired Crot..i.ui.i East Indies H. East, esq.

palllda *

Pale-flowered Crotaf. Africa Dr. T. Clarke, 1775

laburnlfoiia

Shrubby Crotalaria Asia H. East, esq. 1791

qulnquefolia

India ^ H. East, esq. 1791

Ononis

rotundifalia

Switzerland H. E.isr, e^q. 1751

Arachis

bypvgtta

Earth Nuts or Pindars S. \nierica

Lupinus

albus

White Lupine M. Wallen, esq. 177-$

•ver'ms

Blue Lupine Sieiry M. WJlen, esq. 1773

angu::

Narrow- le.v?d Lupi-r- ' K. East, bsq. 1780

luteat

Yellow Lupins :, esq. 1775

Phaseolus

•vulgarls

Kidney licaa.

Dolichos

lablab

Bia<-k-3i-'"-ieu OolkhoT -/Et;i : H. East, esq. 1709

* Hort. Kewansls, vol. iu. p. -

HISTORY OF THE

Sinensis

Chinese Dolichos

East Indies

H. East, esq. 1789.

Glycine

triloba

India

H. East, esq. 1791

Cliloria

tern at ea

Blue Clitoria

East Indies

fl. a/bo

White Clitoria

Pisum

sati-vum

Garden Pea

S. of Europe

Lathyrus

odoratut

Sweet Pea

Sicily

M. Wallen, esq. 1773

•var.

Painted Lady Pea

Ceylon

H. East, esq. 1781

Tingitanus

Tangier Pea

Africa

H. East, esq. 1781

latifoliut

Broad-leaved Pea

England

H. East, esq. 1781

Vicia

faba

Garden Bean

•ffigypt

Cytisus

laburnum

Common Laburnum

Austria

M. Wallen, esq. 1773

cajan

Pigeon Pea

East Indies

Robinia

bhpida

Rose Acacia

Carolina

H. East, esq. 1786

grandiflcra

Large flowered Acacia

East Indies

H. East, esq. 1782

mitls

East Indies

H. Easr, esq. 1792

Coronilla

•valentina

Shrubby Coronilla

Spain

H. East, esq. 1788

Arabtca

Arabian Coronilla

Arabia

H. East, esq. 1788

minima

Small Coronilla

S. of Europe

H. East, esq. 1788

JEschynomenegrandiflora
Sesban

Pea-tree
Egyptian Pea-tree

East Indies
Egypt

J. G. Kemys, esq. 1774
Dr. Tho. Clarke, 1775

aqua tic a

Swamp Pea-tree

Ease Indies

H. East, esq. 1780

Hedysarum

gyrans

Moving Plant

East Indies

Dr. T. Clarke, 1775

Galega

purpurea

Purple Galega

East Indies

H. East, esq. 1790

Lotus

jacobteut

Dark-flowered Lotus

Azores

H. East, esq. 1790

Medicago

polymorpba

•var. scutellataSnail Medick

Europe

H. East, esq.

intertexta

Hedge-hog Medick

Europe.

M. Wallen, esq.

Theobroma
Ambroma

Cacao
augusta

Monsonia sfeciosa

Citrus

Media

Classis XVIII.
POLYADELPHIA.

PENTANDRIA.

Chocolate Nut-Tree S. America

Maple-leaved AmbromaNew S. Wales H. East, esq. 1791

DODECANDRIA.
Fine-leaved Monsonia C. of G. HopeH. East, esq. 1791

ICOSANDR1A.

Asia

Citron-tree
i Lemon-tree
a Lime-tree

3 Sweet Lime-tree

4 Forbidden-fruit-tree

5 Grape-fruit-tree
Seville Orange-tree

•var, China Orange-tree
Decumana Shaddock-tree

Aurantium

India
India

Hypericum

Sonchus

POLYANDRIA.

balear'tcum St. John's-wort Majorca

monogynum Chinese St. John's-wort China

Classis XIX.
SYNGENESIA.
POLYGAMIA. JESIUALIS.
oleraceui Sow-thistle Butain

H. East, esq. 1788
H. East, esq. 1788

WEST INDIES.

3*5

Laftuca sat'iva

Garden Lettuce

Leontodon taraxtcum

Dandelion Britain

M. Wallen, esq. 1774

Cichorium tndi-via

Endive

var, crispa

Curled leaved Endive

Cynara Scolymus

French Artichoke S. of France

carduntului

Cardoon Artichoke Candia

Crepis barbata

Spanish Hawk-weed S. of France

Spilanthus acmella

Balm-leaved Spilanthus Ceylon

H. East, esq. 1788

?OLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.

Tanacetum vulgare

Garden Tansey Britain

M. Wallen, esq.

Artemisia abrotaiium

Southernwood S. of Europe

absinthium

Wormwood Britain

Gnaphalium faetidum

Strong-scented Everlast.C. of G. H.

H. East, esq. 1788

Xerantbemum speciosissimum
Aster fruticosut

Shewy Xeranthemum C. of G. H.
Shrubby Aster C. of G. H.

H. East, esq. 1775
H. East, esq. 1784

Cbinemis

Chinese Aster China

M. Wallen, esq. 1775

Amellut

Italian Aster Italy

H. East, esq. 1780

Belli s perennls

Field Daisy Britain

M. Wallen, esq. 1775

Tagetes patula

French Marygold Mexico

erefia

African Marygold Mexico

Zinnia muhlfiora

Red Zinnia N. America

H. East, esq. I77Z

Chrysanthe-

Garden Chrysanthe-

mum coronarium

mum Sicily

H. East, esq. 1774

Anthemis nobilis

Camomile Britain

Mrs. Duncomb, 1783

Achillea millefallum

Milfoil, or Yarrow Britain

M. Wallen, esq.

POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA.

Helianthus annuus

Common Sun -flower Mexico

indicus

Dwarf Sun-flower

H. East, esq.

tuberosus

Jerusalem Artichoke Brazil

H. East, esq.

Rudbeckia laciniata

Virginia

H. East, esq. 1789

blrta

American Sun-flower Canada

H. East, esq. 1790

Centaure Cyanus

Blue-bottle Britain

M. Wallen, esq. 1774

POLYGAMIA NECESSJRU.

Calendula officinalis

Garden Marygold S. of Europe

M. Wallen, esq. 1773

Arctotis calendulacea

Marygold Ardotis C. of G. H.

H. East, esq. 1783

MONOGAMIA.

Lobelia siphylitica

Blue Cardinal-flower Virginia

Mons. Nectoux, 1789

Viola odorata

Sweet Violet Britain

M. Wallen, esq. 1773

var.

Double-flowered Violet Britain

H. East, esq. 1789

trictlor

Heart-ease or Pansies

Mrs. Brodbelr, 1769

Impatiens balsamina

Garden Balsam East Indies

M. Wallen, esq. 1773

Classis XX.

GYNANDRIA.

DIANDRIA.

Limodorum tukerosum Tuberous-rooted Lim. N. America

TankerviU'te Chinese Limodorum China H. Ease, esq. 1787

Epidendrum vanilla Vanilla S. America Mr. Thame, 1787

TRUNDRIA.

Sisyrinchium Bernudlana

N. America

326

HISTORY OF THE

PENTANDRIA.

Passiflora

maliformis ?
carulea

Water Lemon Barbadoes
Passion Flower Brazil

M. WaHen, esq. 1789

POLYANDRIA.

Arum

Calla

blcolor *

Painted Arum
C. of G. H.

H. East, esq.
H. East, esq. 1787

Classis XXI.

MONOECIA.

MONANBRIA.

Casuarina
Artocarpus

t/juhetlfolla
intfgnfoita

East Indies
Indian Jaca Tree East Indies

H. East, esq. 1788
Lord Rodney, 1782

TRIANDRIA.

Typha
Coix
Phyllanthus

latlfolia
Lacryma Jtbl
Nirurl

Large Reed-mace Britain
Job's Tears East Indies
Annual Phyllanthus East Indies

M. Waften, esq.
H. East, esq. 1782

VETRANDRIA.

Buxus

Urtica

Morus

sentpervirens
dleica
urens
alba
ttigra
rubra
pafyrlfera

Box-tree England
Common Nettle Britain
Lesser Nettle Britain
Whi'e Mulberry -tree China
Common Mulberry-tree Italy
Red Mulberry-tree Carolina
Paper Mulberry. tree Japan

M. Wallen, esq.
M. Wallen, esq.
H. East, esq.
H. East, esq. 1784
M. Wallen, esq.
H. East, esq. 1774
H. East, esq. 1779

PENTANDRIA.

Amaranthus rnclancboltcui Two-coloured Amar. East Indies M. Wallen, esq. 1773

tricolor Three-coloured Amar. East Indies M. Wallen, esq. 1773

crucntus Bloody Amaranth East Indies M. Wallen, esq. 1773

POLYANDRIA.

Quercus

ilex

Evergreen Oak Tree

S. of Europe

iuber

Cork Tree

S. of Europe

rubra

Red Oak Tree

N. America

alba

White Oak Tree

Virginia

rtbur

Common Oak Tree

Britain

Juglans

regia

Walnut Tree

Persia

alba

White Hickory Tree

North Amer.

mgra

Black Walnut Tree

North Amer.

Fagus

castanea

Chesnut Tree

England

pumila

Dwarf Chesnut Tn>e

North Amer.

Corylus

a-vellana

Hazel-nut Tree

Britain

Platanus

Orlen'.alh

Oriental PLr.s Tree

Levant

Occident alls

America Plane Tree

North Amer.

Pinus

sylveitr'u

MONADELPHIA.
Common Pi.ie Tree Europe

H. East, esq. 1787
H. East, esq.
Mr. Thame, 1788
Mr. Thame, 1788
M. Wallen, esq. 1773
M. Wallen, esq. 1774
M. Wallen, esq. 1786
Mr. Jones, 1786
Mrs. Brodbelt
M. Wallen, esq.
M. Wallen, esq. 1775
M. Wallen, esq.
Mr. Thame, 1775

M. WaHen, esq. 1775

* Hart> Kewensis, vol. iii. p. 316.

WEST INDIES.

3*7

pinaster

Cluster Pine Tree Europe

M. Wallen, esq. 1775

fined

Stone Pine Tree Europe

M. Wallen, esq. 1775

cewibra

Siberian Pine Tree Siberia

M. Wallen, esq. 1775

stratus

Weymouth Pine Tree North Amer.

M. Wallen, esq. 1775

cedrut

Cedar of Lebanon Levant

H. East, esq. 1788

larix

White Larch Tree Germany

H, East, esq. 1788

Thuja

Orientalh

Chinese Arbor Vitae China

H. East, esq. 1775

Cupressus

lempervirens

•var. strilla

Upright Cypress Tree Candia

H. East, esq. 1773

horiKontalis

Spreading Cypress Tree Candia

Mr. Thame, 1786

dhtlcba
juniperoidet

Deciduous Cypress Tree North Amer.
African Cypress Tree C. of G. H.

Mr. Salt, 1786
H. East, esq. 1789

Croton

sebiferum

Tallow Tree China

John Ellis, esq. 1765

SYNGENESIS.

Momordica

balsamina

Smooth Cerasee India

cbarantia

Hairy Cerasee East Indies

Cucurbita

pep.

Pumkin Gourd

melopepo

Squash Gourd

citrullus

Water Melon S. of Europe

Cucumis

t.ielo

Common Melon

dttdain

Apple-shaped Cucum. Levant

H. East; esq.

sat'fuut

Common Cucumber

flexuosus

Turkey Cucumber

Sicyns

angulata

Chocho Vine America

Pandanus cdoratittimut

Salix

Myrica

Pistacia

Spinacia
Cinnaris

Smilax

Popalus

Babylonica
cerifera

officinarum

terebintbus

/eatiscus

cleracea

tativa

sarsaparilla
balsamifcra

Classis XXII.
D I O E C I A.

MOHANDRIA.
Screw Pine Ceylon

DMNDRU.

Weeping Willow Italy

TETRJNDRU.
Candleberry Myrtle Carolina

PENTANDRIA.

Pistachia Tree Greece

Turpentine Tree S. of Europe

Mastic Tree S. of Europe
Garden Spinage

Hemp India

HEXANDRU.

Sarsaparilla America

OGTANDRIA.

Tacamabac Poplar Tree Siberia

Lord Rodney, 1782
H. East, esq. 1783
Dr. T. Clarke, 1775

H. East, esq. 1783
H. East, esq. 1790
H. East, esq. 1789

M. Wallen, esq.

Z. Bayly, esq. 1765*

H. East, esq. 1791

* It was first planted by Mr. Bayly, at Nonsuch Plantation, in St. Mary's parish, and
grew with great Inxuriaocy, but seems not to hare been generally cultivated with that cart
•which it merits,

HISTORY OF THE

DECANDRIA.
SchSnus mollt Peruvian Mastic Tree Peru

Classis XXIII.
POLYGAMIA.

MONOECIA.

H. East, esq. 1783

Nov. Gen ?

Bichy Tree *

Guinea

Terminalia

Catappf

East Indies

Dr. T. Clarke, 1790

Acer

pseudo platanus Sycamore Tree

Britain

H. East, esq. 1787

rubrum

Red Maule

Virginia

H. East. esq. 1790

Mimosa

tensitii/a

Sensitive Plant

Brazil

farntsiana

Sweet-scented Mimosa

East Indies

H. East, esq. 1788

nilotif*

Gum Arabic Tree

/Egypt

Dr. T. Clarke, 1775

Lebbeck

./Egyptian Sensitive

^gypt

Lord Rodney, 1782

Senegal

Gum Senegal Tree

Arabia

T. Hibbert, esq. 1787

Fraxinus

Ceratonia
Ficus

Ornuf

slliqua
carica

DIOECIA.
Manna Ash Calabria Dr. T. Clarke, 1775*

TRIOECIA

St. John's Bread
Fig Tree

Sicily

S. of Europe

P A L M M.

Cycas circinalii Sago Palm East Indies

Phoenix daEiylifera Date Palm Tree

Levant

Dr. T. Clarke, 1775

Dr. T. Clarke, 1775

* This Tree is noticed by Sir Hans Sloane in his Natural History of Jamaica, as having
been imported from the Coast of Guinea, and planted in the mountains of Liguanea; it still
continues to grow there, as well as in many other parts of the South Side of the Island : the
following characters were taken from a Tree growing in the Garden, which perfected its
fruit.

Hermapkroditus Flos.
CAL. Nullus.

COR. Monopetala quinquepartita infera, laciniis ovatis acutis crassis subvillosis, striatis

patento-erecYis. Ne&arium concavum, includens germen, margine decem-dentato.

STAM. Filamenta decem brevissima vel nulla. Antherae didymae in orbem dispositae et

extus Neclarii dentibus coalitse.
PIST. Germen subrotundum quinque-sulcatum hirsutum. Stigmata quinque crassa re-

flexa subcontorta, germini incumbentia.
PER. Capsula magna subovata gibbosa, leniter incurvata, unilocularis, bivalvis, futura

dorsali prominente.
SKM. Plura angulata imbricata, singulum cortice coriaceo proprlo obtedtum.

Masculi Flares.

CAL. & COR. tit in Flore hermaphrodite, sed -| majores.

STAM. ut in Flore hermaphrodite.

PIST. Germen nullum. Stigmatum quinque rudimenta parva e medio Nectarii orta.

Arbor inelegans ramosa, cottice subfusco truncus tegiturj folia habet alterna pedicellata
Integra oblonga^venosa glabra acuminata, margine undulato, sicca, laurina, ad extre-
mitatcm ra.nuloruin congesta ; pedicellis utrinque tumidis vel ganglionosis. Racemi
compositi breves, plerumque e ramis majoribus orti. Corolla lutea, lacinise singulae
striis tribus purpureis intus notatje; odor valde ingratus. A nigritis in Jamaica vocatur
Bichy vel Colu, et ibi semina per se vel cum Sale ct Capsico cojnmista ad dolores ren-
tricuii pro rcmedio habcntur.

/

F
Y68

Toung, (Sir) William, bart.

A tour through the
several islands of
Barbadoes

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CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

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